ELEMENTARY 
ENGLISH 

BY 


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E.ORAM  LYTE     ;iv'i 


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AMERICAN   •   BOOK  -  COMRmy 
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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

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http://www.archive.org/details/elementaryenglisOOIyterich 


ELEMENTARY    ENGtlSH, : 


BY 


E.    ORAM    LYTE,    A.M.,    Ph.D. 

PRINCIPAL  FIRST  PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL, 
MILLERSVILLE 


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NEW  YORK-:.  CINCINNATI-:.  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


LYTE'S   LANGUAGE    SERIES. 
— ♦ — 

ELEMENTARY   ENGLISH. 

For  use  in  Primary  and  Lower  Grammar  Grades, 

ELEMENTS   OF  GRAMMAR   AND   COMPOSITION. 
For  use  in  Upper  Grammar  Grades. 

ADVANCED    GRAMMAR  AND    COMPOSITION. 

For   use   in    High   Schools,    Normal   Schools,    and 
Preparatory  Schools. 

\v.  p.  I 


Copyright,  1898,  by 
E.   ORAM   LYTE 


lyte's  elem.  eng. 


PREFACE. 

"  Elementary  English  "  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  text-books  on 
language  prepared  for  schools.  It  is  a  first  book  on  formal  language 
study.  It  should  be  used  after  the  child  has  learned  to  express  simple 
thoughts  in  written  language.  It  is  primarily  a  book  on  language,  and 
not  history,  literature,  or  natural  science.  Lessons  from  these  branches 
are  contained  in  it,  however ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  these  lessons  will 
suggest  to  the  teacher  that  instruction  in  elementary  science  and  all 
other  branches  should  have  as  one  of  its  objects  the  training  of  the 
child's  linguistic  powers. 

The  subject  as  here  presented  is  divided  into  three  parts,  each  part 
representing  a  year's  work  in  this  branch. 

The  method  of  development  is  inductive.  No  definitions  are  given 
to  be  committed  to  memory  by  the  children. 

What  children  are  interested  in,  and  what  they  may  easily  be  led  to 
be  interested  in,  determined  the  nature  of  most  of  the  lessons  here 
presented.  Many  of  these  lessons  are  suggestive,  and  in  the  hands  of 
a  good  teacher  may  be  enlarged  or  otherwise  modified  to  suit  the 
environment  and  development  of  the  pupils. 

The  thanks  of  the  author  are  due  to  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifilin  & 
Co.,  Boston,  and  to  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York,  for  per- 
mission to  use  several  of  the  selections  contained  in  these  pages,  and  to 
the  experienced  teachers  who  kindly  and  with  critical  care  read  the 
manuscript  of  the  book. 

E.   O.   L. 

State  Normal  School, 

MILLERSVILLE,  PA.,  4  May,  1898. 

54!? 00 


SUGGESTIONS    TO    TEACHERS. 

Note  i  .  The  "  Questions  "  connected  with  each  lesson  are  for 
the  guidance  of  the  pupil  in  preparing  the  lesson,  and  for  the  use  of  the 
teacher  in  teaching  it.  Do  not  follow  them  mechanically.  Omit  them 
and  ask  others,  if  necessary.  Do  not  make  the  mistake  of  thinking 
that  a  question  that  may  be  answered  by  yes  or  no  is  never  to  be  asked. 
Occasionally  such  questions  are  serviceable. 

Note  2.  The  paragraphs  headed  "To  be  read"  are  nol  to  be 
committed  to  memory  by  the  pupil. 

Note  3.  The  selections  "  to  be  memorized  "  may  be  omitted  with- 
out greatly  marring  the  plan  of  the  work,  though  it  is  of  great  advan- 
tage to  store  the  mind  of  the  child  with  gems  of  thought.  Even 
when  the  full  meaning  of  the  selection  is  not  fully  comprehended  by 
the  child,  the  exercise  is  not  without  merit. 

Note  4.  The  teacher  should  correct  the  child's  errors  of  speech 
by  teaching  him  the  correct  form. 

Note  5.  Do  not  run  too  much  into  detail  in  primary  language 
teaching. 

Note  6.  Do  not  hesitate  to  use  grammatical  terms,  if  your  pupils 
have  grammatical  ideas  to  express.  Call  a  noun  a  noun,  if  you  wish 
your  pupils  to  think  about  nouns.  "  Name-word  "  is  not  only  longer 
than  "  noun,"  but  it  is  an  incorrect  expression  if  you^jiiean  "  noun." 
There  is  no  difficulty  about  the  use  of  technical  terms  if  the  ideas 
expressed  by  them  are  in  the  mind. 

Note  7.  A  series  of  "  Lessons  of  the  Months  "  is  outlined  on  page 
157.  These  lessons  should  be  given  at  some  convenient  time  during 
each  month.  Each  grade  studying  this  book  may  prepare  the  lessons, 
the  primary  grades  making  only  general  and  plain  observations,  and 
the  higher  grades  doing  more  detailed  work. 

Note  8.  Suggestions  are  made  from  time  to  time  with  respect  to 
what  may  be  profitably  read  to  the  classes  studying  this  little  book. 
Most  of  the  articles  mentioned  are  within  the  reach  of  nearly  every 
teacher,  and  this  fact  had  its  influence  in  determining  what  to  suggest. 
These  selections,  however,  may  be  omitted  if  it  is  not  convenient  to 
obtain  them,  and  other  selections  may  be  read  by  the  teacher, 

4 


>    > 
1  »   »       '  J  ' 


ELEMENTARY    ENGO^Iil.n: 
PART   I. 
LESSON  I.  — Statements. 


EXERCISE  I. 


.A^\JiyLA.j(r> 


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Copy  the  following  statements : 

I .  o  Juub  I^AK^  htruJ:> . 

1.  Otl6  -E/mp  'LcU)  OuhvX. 

3.  jilo  -UAlt  t'l/U/  ^  '^^  ^^  hall. 

U.  GL  wxfc  4x/m/  /u^tt  ■vWiAj'  -uroAj. 


6 

r «,' c'-    With  what   kind    of   letter  does  each  statement 
^^" "' begin?"   What    mark    is    placed    after   each    state- 
ment ? 

See  Note  i,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  p.  4. 
To  be  read. 

The  first  word  of  a  statement  should  begin  with 
a  capital  letter. 

A  statement  should  be  followed  by  a  period. 
Complete  statements  are  sentences. 

See  Note  2,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  p.  4. 
EXERCISE  II. 

Write  answers  to  these  questions.     Make  each  answer  a 
complete  statement^  or  sentence. 

What  are  the  boys  playing? 
Example.  —  The  boys  are  playing  ball. 

How  many  bats  do  you  see  ? 

Are  these  boys  playing  in  the  school  yard  ? 

How  many  trees  do  you  see  ? 

How  many  pupils  are  in  the  school  yard  ? 

To  be  memorized. 

Be  to  others  kind  and  true, 
As  you'd  have  them  be  to  you. 

See  Note  3,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  p.  4. 


> 


LESSON   IL  — Sentences. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  folloiving  statements,  or  sentences 


3.  (3t  A/Mb  -mMJvw  AAmrO'. 
U.(Z  hlifsJid/ t(yw(J^  ^YYi^^ 
5.0j  t/rw  -hullomv  ^J)  ou  ^\}ww. 


To  be  memorized. 


Politeness  is  to  do  and  say 

The  kindest  thing  in  the  kindest  way. 


EXERCISE  n. 


Write  answers  to  the 
following  questions. 
Make  each  answer  a 
se7itence. 


1.  How  many  oranges  are  on  the  plate? 
Example.  —  There  are  three  oranges  on  the  plate. 

2.  Is  an  orange  shaped  like  a  sphere  ? 

3.  How    many   balls    are    near   the 
bat? 

4.  What  is  a  ball  shaped  like  ? 

5.  How  many  marbles  are  on   the 
floor? 

6.  What  is  the  shape  of  a  marble  ? 

7.  How  many  objects  in  the  picture  are  shaped 
like  a  sphere  ? 

8.  Are  the  earth  and  the  moon  each  shaped  like 
a  sphere  ? 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  memorized. 


Kind  words  are  little  sunbeams 
That  sparkle  as  they  fall ; 

And  loving  smiles  are  sunbeams, 
A  light  of  joy  to  all. 


LESSON   III.- Little  Drops  of  Water. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  stanzas  : 

XiXtfjey  ahxwYib  oi  h/i/YxAj  ^ 

QmAi  XKsu  ^lijexLikLTbt  axx/yuL. 
SlMb  djuuLb  o^  ^^^ 

Vflahb  oWb  uvMh  amj  ^Am\j, 

How  many  stanzas  has  this  poem  ?  How  many 
lines  are  there  in  each  stanza  ?  With  what  kind  of 
letter  does  the  first  word  of  each  line  begin  ? 

EXERCISE  n. 

Copy  the  stanzas.  Be  careful  to  arrange  the  lines  prop- 
erly. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Commit  the  stanzas  to  memory. 

Reading  Suggested.  —  "  Twinkle,  twinkle,  little  star." 

See  note  8,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  p.  4. 


10 


To  be  drawn. 


LESSON  IV. -Questions. 

Copy  the  following  questions  : 

I.  CWb  h\hAh  Ww  ? 

l.Da  cLotp  itWiL  ? 

3.  Ojw  iuAmvYTWYW^  hvuh  JyvYwJl'i 

(I  ^     ^ 

14.  Corny  oo  hxuAnt  Aaaav  ? 

With  what  kind  of  letter  does  each 
question  begin  ?     What  mark  is  placed     To  be  drawn, 
after  each  question  ? 

To  be  read. 

The  first  word  of  a  question  should 
begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

An  interrogation   point  should   be 
placed  after  a  question. 
To  be  drawn.  Qucstious  are  sentences. 

To  be  remembered. 

Do  to-day's  work  to-day. 


II 


LESSON  V.-Names. 

These  names  are  copied  from.  Lessons  /.,  //.,  and  IV. 
Write  the  names  that  mean  one  in  one  column,  a7id  the 
names  that  mean  moi'e  than  one  in  another  column. 


boy 

orange 

birds 

/-     - 

boys 

oranges 

dogs        - 

-f^""^ 

bat 

balls 

rabbit 

\^^ 

ball 

marble 

cats 

sphere 

floor 

mice 

To  be  drawn 

plate 


marbles      lesson 


LESSON  VI.  — Memory  Exercise:  Little  White  Feathers. 

Cormnit  this  stanza  to  memory  : 

Little  white  feathers  filling  the  air, 

Little  white  feathers,  how  came  you  there  ? 

"  We  came  from  the  cloud  birds  sailing  so  high, 

They  are  shaking  their  white  wings  up  in  the  sky." 


Snowflakes. 

What  do  we  mean  by  "  little  white   feathers "  ? 
Do    you    think    that    is    a   good    name?       Why? 


12 


What    did    the    "  feathers "  come    from  ?      Were 

there     real    cloud    birds    in  the    sky?      Did    you 

ever  see   the  clouds  sailing  in    the    sky?     When 
does  snow  fall? 

Reading  Suggested.  —  The  First  Snow  Fall.  —  Lowell. 


LESSON  VII. -Sentences. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  follozving  sentences  from  dictation: 

1.  I  see  a  cylinder. 

2.  The  cylinder  has  two  flat  faces. 

3.  The  cylinder  can  roll  one  way. 

4.  It  can  stand  on  either  face. 

5.  The  trunk  of  a  tree  is  a  cylin- 
der. 


EXERCISE  II. 

Write  anszvers  to  the  fol- 
lowing questions: 

1.  How  many  trees 
are  in  the  field  ? 

2.  Is  the  trunk  of  a 
tree  shaped  like  a  cylin- 
der ? 

3.  What  is  the  log 
shaped  like? 


13 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 

4.  How  many  bananas  are  on  the  plate  ? 

5.  Is  a  banana  shaped  like  a  cylinder? 

6.  Is  a  roll  of  ribbon  a  cylinder  ? 

7.  Are  the  legs  of  the  table  cylinders  ? 

To  be  memorized. 

Beautiful  hands  are  they  that  do 
Deeds  that  are  noble,  good,  and  true, 
Moment  by  moment  the  long  day  through. 


LESSON  VIII. -Names. 

These  names  are  copied  from  Lessons  VI.  and  VII.  Write 
the  names  that  m,ean  one  in  one  column  and  the  names  that 
mean  7nore  than  one  in  another  column. 


bananas 

cylinder 

faces 

feathers 

field 


legs 

log 

objects 

pictures 

roll 


ribbon 

trees 

trunk 

wings 

face 


To  be  drawn. 


v^ 


14 

To  be  read. 

Names  are  called  nouns. 

Nouns  that  mean  one  are  in  the  singular  number. 
They  are  sometimes  called  singular  nouns. 

Nouns  that  mean  more  than  one  are  in  the  plural 
number.     They  are  sometimes  called  plural  nouns. 


LESSON   IX. -Nouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Write  the  plural  of  each  of  the  following  singular  nouns : 

cloud  man  rod 

field  picture  ribbon 

log  roll  trunk 

EXERCISE  II. 

Write  the  singular  of  each  of  the  following  plural  nouns  : 

bananas  hands  robins 

faces  legs  trees 

feathers  objects  wings 

To  be  memorized. 

Lost,  somewhere  between  sunrise  and  sunset,  two 
golden  hours,  each  set  with  sixty  diamond  minutes. 
No   reward    is   offered,  for  they  are  gone  forever, 

—  Horace  Mann. 


IS 


LESSON  X-A  Fable. 


^V^^ 


#N-^-^^      V^ 


Copy  the  following  sentences : 

A  dog  was  crossing  a  brook,  with  a  piece  of 
meat  in  his  mouth.  He 
thought  he  saw  a  bigger 
piece  in  the  water,  and  tried 
to  catch  it  with  his  teeth. 
But  his  piece  fell  into  the 
water,  and  so  he  lost  his 
supper. 

What  did  the  dog  see 
in  the  water.?  Why  did 
the  piece  of  meat  fall 
into  the  water.?      Was   the   dog   greedy.?      What 


To  be  drawn. 


i6 


time  of   day  do   you    think    it    was  ?      What    is    a 
fable  ? 

Readings  Suggested.  —  The  Dog  in  the  Manger. — jEsofs  Fables, 
The  Traveler  and  the  Viper.  —  ^sop's  Fables. 


LESSON    XL -Sentences. 

Copy  the  following  statemettts.      Write  nouns  in  place  of 
the  dashes  ( ). 


I.    The 


IS   on 


the 


has  a 


in 


has    caught 


4.    A has  been  caught  by  the 


l; 


5.    I  see  two 


on 


6.    The 
ing  at  the 


is  bark- 


To  be  memorized. 

Onward,   onward   may 
we  press 
Through    the    path  —- 
of  duty ; 
Virtue  is  true  happiness, 
Excellence  true  beauty 


—  Montgomery. 


LESSON   XII.- Sentences. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Answer  the  following 
questions  orally : 

I.    What      is      the 
horse  doing? 

lyte's  ELEM.  ENG.  —  2 


(%} 


i8 


2.    What  has  the 
man  done  ? 


3.  What  did  the  old  man 
do  ?     What  is  he  doine  ? 


4.  What  is  the  boy      '*#i^'' 
doing  ? 

5.  What     are     the  i.,^     ,. 
girls  doing? 

EXERCISE  II. 

Write  answers  to  the  questions  in  this  lesson. 


19 


LESSON    XIII.  — Memory   Exercise: 
The  Christmas  Tree. 

Commit  these  stanzas  to  memory  : 

I. 

When  the  winter  comes  with  its  whitening  snow, 
How  proudly  the  Christmas  tree  doth  grow ; 
It  spreadeth  its  boughs  .^  -  .^ 

so  broad  and  so  fair, 
And  jolly  and  gay  are 

the  fruits  they  bear. 

2. 

Oh  !  many  the  homes 

it  has  happy  made, 
When  the  little  ones 

under     its      leaves 

have  played ; 
Oh  !  sweet  are  the  pleasures  around  it  that  spring, 
And  dear  are  the  thoughts  of  the  past  they  bring. 

Which  holiday  do  most  children  like  best  ? 
Why  ?  When  does  Christmas  come  ?  Where  is 
a  Christmas  tree  generally  seen  ?  What  are  found 
on  it?  What  does  the  fourth  line  of  the  first 
stanza  mean  ? 


Readings  Suggested. — A  visit  from  St.  Nicholas. 
Selections  from  ''A  Christmas  Carol." — Dickens. 


C.  C.  Moore. 


20 


LESSON  XIV. -Place  of  Objects. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Tell  orally  the  place  of  the  objects  in  the  pictures 


EXERCISE  n. 


Tell  orally  the  place 
of  five  objects  in  the 
schoolroom. 


EXERCISE  in. 


Tell  in  writing  the  place  of  the  objects  in  the  foregoing 
pictures. 


21 


LESSON  XV. -Place  of  Objects. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Tell  in  writing  the  place  of  ten  objects  in  the  schoolroom. 
Example. — The  clock  is  on  the  teacher's  desk. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Write  what  you  see  iji  tJie  following  pictures : 


To  be  memorized. 


The  secret  of  happiness  is  not  to  do  merely  what 
one  likes  to  do,  but  to  try  to  Hke  what  one  has  to  do. 


22 


LESSON  XVI. -Sentences. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  questions  from 
dictation^  and  wi'ite  answers  to  them : 

I.    How  many  wings  and  legs 
has  a  bee  ? 

Example.  —  How  many  wings  and  legs  has  a  bee  ?     A  bee 
has  four  wings  and  six  legs. 

2.  Where  is  the 
duck .? 

3.  How  many 
ducklings  are  in  the 
water.? 

4.  Which  holiday 
do  children  like 
best  ? 


5.    Is     a     cat's     tongue 
— ^^_  rough  or  smooth  } 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  memorized. 

Whichever  way  the  wind  doth  blow, 
Some  heart  is  glad  to  have  it  so ; 
So  blow  it  east,  or  blow  it  west. 
The  wind  that  blows,  that  wind  is  best. 


The  birds  on  the 
fence. 


/  :r^vf/>/^^'^ 


The     birds    on    the 
^^  tree. 

The  weather. 


LESSON    XVII,- Memory  Exercise:   The  Oak  Tree. 

Commit  the  following  stanzas  to  memory : 
THE    OAK    TREE. 


The  oak  tree  was  an  acorn 
once, 
And  fell  upon  the  earth ; 
And  sun  and  showers  nour- 
ished it 
And   gave    the    oak   tree 
birth,  7^" 


24 


2. 

The  little  sprouting  oak  tree ! 

Two  leaves  it  had  at  first, 
Till  sun  and  showers  had  nourished  it, 

Then  out  the  branches  burst. 

3. 
The  little  sapling  oak  tree ! 

Its  root  was  like  a  thread. 

Till     the     kindly 

earth        had 

nourished  it. 

Then  out  it  freely  spread. 


On    this  side    and  on   that 
side, 
It     grappled     with     the 
ground. 
And   in    the   ancient,  rifted 
rock 
Its  firmest  footing  iound.  — Mary  Howitt  (i 799-1 888) 


Did  you  ever  see  an  oak  tree  ?  Where  are 
acorns  found  ?  What  made  this  acorn  grow  ? 
What  helped  the  little  tree  to  grow?  What  is 
a  sapling  ?  Does  an  oak  tree  have  spreading 
branches  ?  Is  it  a  sturdy  tree  ?  What  words  in 
this  poem  name  parts  of  a  tree  ?     Can  you  think 


25 

of  any  other  parts  ?  Is  the  wood  of  an  oak  tree 
hard  or  soft?  What  is  its  color?  -What  articles 
of  furniture  are  made  of  oak?  Did  you  ever  see 
an  oak  tree  ?     Where  ? 


Acorn.  White  oak  leaf.  Swamp  Live  oak. 

To  be  drawn.         To  be  drawn.      white  oak  leaf.  To  be  drawn. 

To  be  drawn. 


LESSON    XVIII. -Names  of  Persons. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences : 

1.  I  know  a  boy  whose   name  is   Frederic  Lyte 
Harding. 

2.  His  father's  name  is  Charles  Henry  Harding. 

3.  His  mother's  name  is  Alice  Harding. 

4.  His  brother's  name  is  Arthur  Search  Harding. 

5.  His  sisters'  names  are    Sarah    Harding   and 
Mary   Harding. 

6.  His  father  writes  his  name  C.  H.  Harding. 

7.  His  brother  writes  his  name  Arthur  S.  Harding. 

8.  He  writes  his  name  Fred.  L.  Harding. 


26 

How  many  persons  are  named  in  these  sen- 
tences ?  What  is  the  family  name,  or  surname, 
of  each  one  ?  What  is  the  Christian  name  of 
each  sister?  Of  each  boy?  How  many  words  in 
the  Christian  name  of  each  boy  ?  With  what  kind 
of  letter  does  each  word  of  a  person's  name  begin  ? 
In  which  names  are  initial  letters  used?  What 
kind  of  letter  is  each  initial  ?  What  follows  each 
initial  ?  What  is  your  surname  ?  Your  Christian 
name  ? 

EXERCISE  n. 

Write  answers  to  the  following  questions.  Let  each 
answer  be  a  sentence. 

1.  What  is  your  full  name  ? 

2.  What  is  your  surname  ? 

3.  What  is  your  Christian  name? 

4.  What  is  the  full  name  of  one  of  your  class- 
mates ? 

5.  What  is  your  father's  full  name  ? 

6.  How  does  he  usually  write  his  name? 

7.  What  was  your  mother's  surname  before  she 
was  married  ? 

8.  What  is  the  name  of  the   President  of  the 
United  States? 

9.  What  is  the  name  of  the   Governor  of  the 
State  ? 

10.    What  is  the  name  of  your  teacher? 


27 


LESSON  XIX. -Sentences. 


Write 


1.  Two  sentences  about  a  dog. 

2.  Two  sentences  about  apples. 

3.  Two  sentences  about  a  kite. 

4.  Two     sentences     about     the 
school. 

5.  Two  sentences  about  roses. 

Example.  —  I  have  a 
dog  named  Leo.  He  is 
a  St.  Bernard  dog. 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  memorized. 

An  idler  is  a  watch   that  wants 
both  hands ; 

As    useless    if    it   goes    as   if    it 

stands.  —  Cowper. 


LESSON  XX. -Names  of  Objects. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Write  the  names  of — 

Three  things  that  you  saw  at  home. 

Three  things  that  you  saw  on  your  way  to  school. 


To  be  drawn. 


28 

Write  the  names  of — 

Three  things  made  of  wood. 

Three  things  made  of  iron. 

Write  the  names  of — 
Three  wild  animals. 
Three  domestic  animals. 


EXERCISE  II. 

Yoii  have  nozv  wi'itten  eighteen  names  or  nouns.  Write 
the  singular  form  of  all  these  nonns  in  one  cohmtUy  and  the 
plural  form  in  another  column. 

Example.  — 

Singular.  '  Plural. 

clock  clocks 

carpet  carpets 


LESSON  XXL  — Picture  Lesson:   Fishing. 


29 
I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 


Describe  the  picture.  Have 
yon  ever  been  fisJiingf  Tell 
what  yoti  know  about  different 
kinds  of  fish.  To  be  drawn. 


II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Copy  the  following  story,  supplying  words  in  place  of  the 
dashes : 

One    bright    day  last  summer,   my  brother    Gil- 
bert  and    I   Uncle    Frank   with  to  the 

,  to  .      Almost  as  as   Uncle  's 

line  touched  the ,  a caught  hold  of  the 

bait  and  began  to at  it.     "  Uncle,"  I to 

,  "look  out ;  you  '11 have  a  chance  to 

a ."     In  less  than  a ,  out  came  his  

with  a bass  at  the  end  of .     Soon  some- 
thing began  to  nibble  at 's ,  and  then   I 

was  kept  busy my  own .     It  was  a  good 

for  ,  and   in  an  hour  or  ,  we  

about fine . 


"  Boys,"  said ,  as  we  started  for , 

"you   have  given   a  great  deal  of  this 

afternoon."      In  a  little  ,  were   at  

again,  happy tired;  ^nd  ready  to a  hearty 


30 


LESSON  XXII. -Sentences. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  sentences  from  dictation: 

I  see  the  picture  of  a  cube. 
A  cube  has  six  faces. 
Each  face  is  a  square. 
The  faces  are  all  of  the  same 


I. 

2. 

4- 
size. 

5. 


A    cube  will  not  roll  like   a 


sphere. 


EXERCISE  II. 


Write  answers  to  the 
following  questions. 
Make  each  answer  a 
sentence. 

1.  How  many 
blocks  are  shown  in 
the  picture  ? 

2.  What  is  the 
child  doing.'* 

3.  What  is  each 
block  shaped  like  t 

4.  What  objects 
are  shaped  like  cubes .f* 

5.  What   word  do 

the  letters  on  the  blocks  spell .? 


31 


LESSON  XXIII. -Words  to  be  supplied. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Write  the  following 
sentences.  Use  words  in 
place  of  the  dashes. 

I.    A   triangle   has 


sides. 


2.    A    square    has 


3.    A    square    has 
—  side  more  than 


4.  A  square  is 
bounded  by  four 
straight . 

5.  A  circle  is 
bounded  by  a line. 


Triangle. 


Square. 


Straight  line. 


Square. 


Circle. 


Curved  line. 


EXERCISE  n. 


Supply  words  in  place  of  the  dashes. 

I.    A  right  angle  is 
—  than    an    obtuse 


angle. 


IS 


2.    An    acute   angle 
than    a    riorht 


angle. 


Right  angle. 


Acute  an<rle. 


32 


3-  An  obtuse  angle 

is than  an  acute 

angle. 

4.  A    square    has 
four  — -■ —  angles. 

5.  A  triangle  has  - 


Obtuse  angle. 

angles. 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 


6.    A  right  angle  is 


than  an angle  and 


than  an 


angle. 


To  be  drawn. 


7.  A  triangle  is  bounded  by 

8.  The  edge  of  the  table  is  a 


line. 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 


33 

To  be  memorized. 

Howe'er  it  be,  it  seems  to  me, 

'Tis  only  noble  to  be  good. 
Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets. 

And  simple  faith  than  Norman  blood. 

—  Tennyson. 

LESSON  XXIV. -Reproduction.    A  Fable. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  this  story  carefully. 

A   FABLE. 

A  fierce  lion  was  once  lying  asleep  among  some 
bushes,  when  a  mouse    crept    through    the    leaves 


near  him  and  ran  into  his  mouth.     The  lion  awoke 
with   an   angry  growl,   and   was    about  to   eat   the 

lyte's  elem.  eng.  —  3 


34 

little  mouse.  The  poor  little  fellow  begged  the 
lion  not  to  kill  him,  and  said :  "  If  you  spare  my 
life,  I  may  be  able  to  help  you  some  time."  The 
lion  laughed  when  the  mouse  said  this,  but  let 
him  go. 


->. 


Not  long  afterwards  the  lion  was  caught  in  a 
net  which  some  hunters  had  set  for  him.  He  tried 
to  break  the  ropes,  but  they  were  too  strong.  He 
was  both  frightened  and  angry,  and  roared  so  loud 
that  the  little  mouse  heard  him.  He  ran  to  the 
lion  and  gnawed  the  ropes  with  his  sharp  little 
teeth,  and  soon  set  the  big  lion  free. 

This  story  shows  that  the  weakest  may  help  the 
strongest,  and  that  we  should  do  a  kind  act  when- 
ever we  have  a  chance. 


35 

How  many  of  you  have  ever  seen  a  lion  ?  Where 
do  Hons  live?  What  do  they  eat?  How  do  they 
catch  their  prey  ? 

Where  do  mice  live?     What  do  they  eat? 

Was  the  lion  kind  to  the  mouse?  How  did  the 
mouse  repay  the  lion  for  his  kindness?  Do  you 
think  that  this  is  a  true  story  ?  Why  was  it 
written  ? 

This  story  has  three  paragraphs.  What  are  the 
first  three  words  of  the  first  paragraph?  Of  the 
second?     Of  the  third? 

EXERCISE  n. 

Write  this  story  in  your  oivn  words. 

Readings  Suggested.  —  The  Fox  and  the  Grapes,  —^sofs  Fables. 
The  Wolf  in  Sheep's  Clothing.  — ^sop's  Fables. 


LESSON  XXV.-ls  and  Are. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  folloiving  sentences  from  dictation: 

1.  Florence  is  at  school. 

2.  Edward  is  at  school. 

3.  Florence  and  Edward  are  at      ^^^i^^^ 

school.  '     To  be  drawn. 

4.  New  York  is  a  large  city. 

5.  New  York  and  Philadelphia  are  large  cities, 


36 

6.  This  lesson  is  not  difficult. 

7.  These    lessons    are    not    dlffi- 


if 


To  be  drawn. 


cult. 


Who  is  spoken  of  in  the  first 
sentence  ?  The  second  ?  Who  are 
spoken  of  in  the  third  sentence  ? 

In    which    sentence    is    one    city 
spoken  of  ?     Two  ?     How  do  these 
sentences  differ  ? 
Why  is  zs  used  in  the  sixth  sentence  ?     Why  is 
are  used  in  the  seventh  sentence  ? 

To  be  read. 

Is  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  one. 

Are  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  more  than  one. 

In  these  sentences,  is  and  are  are  verbs. 


EXERCISE  n. 

Copy  the  following  sentences^  using  is  or  are  in  place  of 
the  dashes : 

1.  A    tree    a 

plant. 

2.  Roses plants. 

3.  Maine    and    Ver- 


mont 

states. 

4.    — 
broken } 


eastern 


these    rails 


To  be  drawn. 


37 

5-    Why winter  cold  ? 

6.   that  horse  a  quadruped  ? 

7.  All  horses quadrupeds. 

8.  May  at  home,  but  Arthur 

and  Horace at  school.  ^°  ^'  ^^'^''■ 

9.  Those  apples  ripe,   but  this   one  

green. 

10.  Ice  and  snow forms  of  water. 


LESSON  XXVI. -Names. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Write  the  names  of — 

Five  things  that  are  needed  in  the  schoolroom. 
Five  things  that  are  needed  on  the  playground. 
Five  things  that  are  needed  at  home. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Select  five  words  from  the  list  you  have  ivritten,  and 
write  a  sentence  about  each  object  named  by  the  words  yon 
selected. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Write  the  singular  and  the  plural  of  the  nouns  written 
for  Exercise  I. 


33 


LESSON  XXVII. -The  Maiden  and  the  Bird. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  this  poem  care- 
fully : 

THE  LITTLE  MAIDEN 
AND  THE  LITTLE 
BIRD. 

"  Little  bird,  little  bird, 
come  to  me ; 

I  have  a  green  cage 
ready  for  thee, 

Beauty-bright  flowers 
I'll  bring  anew, 

And  fresh,  ripe  cher- 
ries, all  wet  with 
dew." 

"  Thanks,  little  maiden  for  all  thy  care, 
But  I  love  dearly  the  clear, 

cool  air. 
And  my  snug  little  nest  in 

the  old  oak  tree." 
"  Little  bird,  little  bird,  stay 

with  me." 

"Nay,    httle    damsel,    away  to  be  drawn. 

I'll  fly 
To  greener  fields  and  warmer  sky; 


39 


To  be  drawn. 


When  spring  returns  with  pattering  rain, 
You'll  hear  my  merry  song  again." 

"  Little  bird,  little  bird,  who'll  guide  thee 
Over  the  hills  and  over  the  sea  ? 
Foolish  one !  come  in  the  house 

to  stay, 
For    I'm    very    sure    you'll   lose 

your  way." 

"  Ah     no,    little     maiden,     God 

guides  me 
Over  the  hills  and  over  the  sea ; 
I  will  be  free  as  the  rushing  air, 
And  sing  of  sunshine  everywhere." 

—  Z.  Maria  Child  (i  802-1 880). 

Who  was  the  author  of  this  poem }  Who  were 
talking  in  the  poem  t  Did  the  bird  want  to  be 
put  in  a  cage  "t  Why  not }  What  did  the  bird 
say  about  going  away.?  Do  birds  go  to  a  warmer 
climate  in  winter  .^^  Why  do  they  go  .^^  How 
do  they  know  where  to  go.?  How  can  they  find 
their  way  back  in  the  spring.?  What  birds  may 
be  seen  in  winter.? 

EXERCISE  n. 

Write  the  anszvers  to  these  questions  in  the  form  of  a 
composition.     Add  any  facts  that  you  may  know  about  bi7^ds. 


40 


LESSON  XXVIII. -Words  used  instead  of  Nouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  sentences,  using  I,  you,  he,  she,  it, 
we,  or  they  instead  of  the  dashes : 

1.  Edna  and are  in  the  room. 

2.   are  studying  our  lessons. 

3.    is  older  than am. 

4.  See  the  snow.     fell  last  night. 

5.  When  did  General  Grant  die  .^^     died  in 

1885. 

6.  How  fast  the    clouds   fly!      are   going 

eastward. 

7.    are  members  of  this  class. 

8.   will  go,  and may  stay. 

•  To  be  read. 

The  words  /,  you,  he,  she,  it,  we,  and  they  are 
called  pronouns.     They  are  used  instead  of  nouns. 

Which  of  these  words  mean  one  ?  Which  mean 
more  than  one  ?  Which  one  may  mean  either 
one  or  more  than  one } 

EXERCISE  II. 

Use  each  of  the  following  zvords  in  a  statement  or  a 
question : 

I      you      he      she      it      we      they 


41 


LESSON  XXIX.  — Picture  Lesson:    An  Accident. 


I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 


Describe  what  you  see 
in  the  pictures. 


To  be  drawn. 


n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  the  follozving  account  of  the  accident  and  the  rescue. 
Supply  the  omitted  ivords. 

week,  a  little   girl    named ,  the 

of  Mr. ,  who  in  street, 


42 

was  nearly .     While  visiting aunt  in  the 

country, went  to  a  near  by,  to  a 

little  which  her  gave  on  her  last 

.    She  put in  the ,  and  it  became 

entangled  in  the  along  the  .      As 

over  to  loosen  the  , into  the 

.     Her were  by  Master 

who to  her  rescue,  and  leaping  into  the , 

brought  safely  to .     The  brave de- 
serves    for  his  prompt  action.      He  probably 

the  of  the ,  as  the  is 

quite where  the occurred. 

To  be  memorized. 

Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene 

The  dark,  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

—  Thomas  Gray. 
LESSON   XXX. -Abbreviations. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  tJie  following  : 

Mister  Cleveland.  Mr.  Cleveland. 

General  Lee.  Gen.  Lee. 

Mr.  Greene  returned  from  Europe  last  week. 
Capt.  John  Smith  was  a  brave  man. 


43 

How  is  the  word  Mister  shortened  in  the  first 
sentence  ?  What  abbreviation  is  used  in  the 
second  sentence  ?  What  mark  follows  each  abbre- 
viation ? 

To  be  read. 

Shortened  words  are  called  abbreviations. 

An  abbreviation  should  be  followed  by  a  period. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  following  zvords  and  their  abbreviations : 


Mister, 

Mr. 

Mistress, 

Mrs.  (pronounced  Mis'sis) 

Doctor, 

Dr. 

Reverend, 

Rev. 

General, 

Gen. 

Street, 

St. 

yard. 

yd. 

dozen, 

doz. 

foot. 

ft. 

EXERCISE  m. 

The  folloiving  are  the  abbreviations  of  the,  days  of  the 
week.  Copy  the  names  and  the  abbreviations.  Remember 
that  the  names  of  the  days  of  the  week  should  begin  with 
capital  letters. 

Sunday,  Sun. 

Mon.  Wed.  Fri. 

Tues.  Thurs.  Sat. 


44 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Learn  the  following  names  and  their  abbreviations : 


January, 

Jan. 

July, 

February, 

Feb. 

August, 

Aug. 

March, 

Mar. 

September, 

Sept. 

April, 

Apr. 

October, 

Oct. 

May, 

November, 

Nov. 

June, 

December, 

Dec. 

With  what  kind  of   letter  do  the  names  of  the 
months  begin  }     Which  names  are  not  abbreviated } 

EXERCISE  V. 

Copy  the  folloiving  sentences: 

1.  Washington  became  President,  Apr.  30,  1789. 

2.  John  G.  Whittier  was  born  Dec.  7,  1807.     ^^ 
died  Sept.  7,  1892. 

These  dates  should  be  read  April  thii^tieth,  1 789, 
December  seventh,  1807,  ?indi  September  seventh,  1892. 

EXERCISE  VI. 

Write  — 

1.  A  sentence  giving  the  date  of  your  birth. 

2.  The  present  date. 

3.  The  date  of  Washington's  birth. 

EXERCISE  vn. 

Write   the   abbreviations   of  the   names   of  ten    States. 
The  teacher  zvill  tell  yon  wJiere  to  look  for  tJiem. 


45 

To  be  memorized. 

Habit  is  a  cable ;  we  weave  a  thread  of  it  every- 
day, and  at  last  we  cannot  break  it.  —  Horace  Mann, 

LESSON  XXXI. -Was  and  Were^ 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences : 

1.  Louis  was  at  school  yesterday. 

2.  Louis  and  Gilbert  were  at  school  last  week. 

3.  That  problem  was  difficult. 

4.  Those  problems  were  difficult. 

5.  Were  the  children  sent  into  the  house? 

In  which  of  these  sentences  is  one  spoken  of? 
More  than  one  ?  Why  is  was  used  in  the  first  sen- 
tence ?     Why  is  were  used  in  the  fifth  sentence  ? 

To  be  read. 

Was  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  one. 
Were  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  more  than  one. 
In  these  sentences,  was  and  were  are  verbs. 
Are  and  zvere  may  be  used  with  you  in  speaking 
of  one,  as  well  as  more  than  one. 

EXERCISE  n. 
Copy  the  following  se^itences,  using  was  or  were  in  place 
of  the  dashes : 

1.  Yesterday a  pleasant  day. 

2.   every  pupil  in  school  yesterday  ? 


46 

3-   all  the  pupils  at  school  yesterday? 

4.    you  here,  Thomas  ? 

5.  Sarah  and  Emma away  last  week.    They 

—  at  Chicago. 


6.    George    III    king    of    England    while 

Napoleon  I emperor  of  France. 

To  be  read. 

Is  and  are  refer  to  present  time,  and  was  and 
were  to  past  time. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Supply  is,  are,  was,  or  were  : 

1.  Birds bipeds. 

2.  What a  biped  ? 

3.  Which the  short- 
To  be  drawn.                   est  month  } 

4.  When the  last  holiday  ? 

5.  The  soldiers  of  the  Revolution brave  men. 

6.  Who President  last  year } 

7.  Who  President  now } 

8.  Tell  me  not  in  mournful  numbers 
Life but  an  empty  dream ; 

For  the  soul dead  that  slumbers. 

And  things not  what  they  seem. 

To  be  memorized. 

Leisure  is  time  for  doing  something  useful. 

—  Franklin. 


47 


LESSON   XXXII. -Memory  Exercise:    Little  May. 

Commit  this  poem  to  m,emory: 

Have  you  heard  the  waters  singing, 

Little  May, 
Where  the  willows  green  are  bending 

O'er  their  way  ? 
Do  you  know  how  low  and  sweet, 
O'er  the  pebbles  at  their  feet, 
Are  the  words  the  waves  repeat 

Night  and  day  ? 


Have  you  heard  the  robins  singing. 

Little  one, 
When  the  rosy  day  is  breaking, — 

When  'tis  done  ? 


48 

Have  you  heard  the  wooing  breeze 
In  the  blossomed  orchard  trees, 
And  the  drowsy  hum  of  bees 
In  the  sun  ? 

All  the  earth  is  full  of  music, 

Little  May,— 
Bird,  and  bee,  and  water  singing 

On  its  way. 
Let  their  silver  voices  fall 
On  thy  heart  with  happy  call: 
"  Praise  the  Lord,  who  loveth  all, 

Night  and  ^2.-^ T —Mrs.  Miller. 

Did  you  ever  hear  water  sing  ?  Can  you  imagine 
what  words  the  waves  are  repeating?  At  what 
time  of  day  were  the  robins  singing?  Can  you  tell 
what  season  of  the  year  the  poem  refers  to? 
What  is  meant  by  the  earth  being  full  of  music? 
What  kind  of  voices  are  silver  voices  ? 


To  be  memorized. 

Over  and  over  again, 

No  matter  which  way  I  turn, 
I  always  find  in  the  book  of  life 

Some  lesson  I  have  to  learn. 


49 


LESSON    XXXIII. -Picture   Lesson 
Boating  and    Skating. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 


Describe  what  yon  see  in 
the  pictures.  Tell  what 
yon  know  about  boating. 
About  skating.  Where 
do  yoiL  go  to  boat?  To 
skate  ? 


n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 


Write  about  a  pic- 
nic that  you  attended, 
where  there  ivas  boat- 
ing with  other  pleas- 
ures. 

ni.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  about  learning 
to  skate. 


lyte's  elem.  eng.  —  4 


PART   II. 


LESSON   XXXIV. -Number  of  Nouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  nouns : 

Singular 

Plural                             Singular 

Plural 

man 

men                         goose 

geese 

woman 

women                     mouse 

mice 

child 

children                   ox 

oxen 

foot 

feet            •              tooth 

teeth 

EXERCISE  n. 

Add  ^  to  the  following  singular  nouns ^  to  make  them 

plural: 

day  valley  ball  lion 

boy  •  monkey  kite  tiger 

key  monument  top  giant 

EXERCISE  III. 

Add  es  to  the  folloiving  singular  nouns ^  to  make  the^n 
plural: 

dish  fish  lioness 

church  box  tigress 

kiss  hero  giantess 

50 


51 


EXERCISE  IV. 

Change  y  to  i  and  add  es  : 

fly  city 

berry  fairy 

candy  lily 

EXERCISE  V. 

Change  f  or  f  e  to  v  and  add  es  : 

knife  thief 

leaf  half 


lady 

army 

daisy 


life 
wolf 


To  be  memorized. 

Ill  habits  gather  by  unseen  degrees, 

As  brooks  make  rivers,  rivers  run  to  seas. 

—  Dry  den, 

LESSON  XXXV.-Has,  Have,  and  Had. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read    th^  folloiving    sen- 
tences : 

1.  An   owl    has    large 
eyes. 

2.  Owls      have      large 
eyes. 

In  which  sentence  is 
one  owl  referred  to  .^^  In 
which  sentence  are  more  than  one  referred  to } 
In  which  sentence  is  has  used?  In  which  sen- 
tence is  have  used? 


52 


To  be  read. 

Has  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  one. 

Have  may  be  used  in  speaking  of  more  than  one. 

In  these  sentences  has  and  have  are  verbs. 

Have  may  be  used  with  /  in  speaking  of  one.  It 
may  be  used  with  you  in  speaking  of  one,  as  well  as 
more  than  one. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Read  the  followiiig  sentences  : 

1.  The  boys  have  the  sled. 

2.  I  had  it  last  Saturday. 

3.  Columbus  had  three  ships. 

4.  England  has  a  large  navy. 

To  be  read. 

Have  and  has  refer  to  present  time,  and  had  to 
past  time. 

___^X^^  EXERCISE  in. 

'^'^^^       Copy  the  following  sentences^  using  have, 
~^r^  ~^r^    ^^^'  ^^  ^^^  ^'^  P^^^^  of  iJ^^  blatiks  : 


To  be  drawn. 

2.  Cats  — 

3.  Tigers 
4- 


I.    A  cat 


sharp  claws. 


sharp  claws. 
—  great  strength. 

Cornwallis    8000     men 

at  Yorktown. 

5.  Jupiter four  moons. 

6.  I    two    tops    yesterday, 

but  my  brothers them  now. 

7.   you  my  book  .f* 


To  be  drawn. 


53 


LESSON  XXXVI. -The  Blacksmith. 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  a  black S7nit Ji s 
shop. 

Were  you  ever  in 
a  blacksmith's  shop  ? 
What  does  it  look 
like  ?  What  furni- 
ture is  in  it? 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 
11.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Each  of  y OIL  may  tell 
IV hat  a  blacksmith  makes, 
and  all  that  yoii  know 
abont  his  work. 


To  be  drawn. 


54 


What  metal  does 
the  blacksmith  work 
with  ?  What  tools 
does  he  use?  What 
does  he  use  them  for  ? 
Why  does  he  need 
a  fire  ?  What  does 
he  use  for  fuel? 


To  be  drawn. 


To  be  drawn. 


m.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  composition 
about  The  Blacksmith. 
Tell  all  that  you  can  re- 
member about  his  shop, 
his  worky  and  his  tools. 


55 

IV.  MEMORY  EXERCISE. 

Commit  the  following  stanzas  to  memory : 
THE    VILLAGE    BLACKSMITH. 

Under  a  spreading  chestnut  tree 
The  village  smithy  stands ; 

The  smith,  a  mighty  man  is  he, 
With  large  and  sinewy  hands; 

And  the  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  bands. 


Week  in,  week  out,  from  morn  till  night, 
You  can  hear  his  bellows  blow ; 

You  can  hear  him  swing  his  heavy  sledge 
With  measured  beat  and  slow. 

Like  a  sexton  ringing  the  village  bell. 
When  the  evening  sun  is  low. 


56 

And  children  coming  home  from  school, 

Look  in  at  the  open  door; 
They  love  to  see  the  flaming  forge 


And  hear  the  bellows  roar, 
And  catch  the  burning  sparks  that  fly- 
Like  chaff  from  a  threshing  floor. 

—  Henry  W.  Longfellow  (1807- 1882). 

What  do  you  see  in  the  first  picture  ?  In  the 
second?  Why  are  most  blacksmiths  strong?  Is 
this  blacksmith  strong  ?  How  do  you  know  ?  Do 
you  think  he  is  industrious  ?  Why  do  the  chil- 
dren stop  ? 

These  stanzas  are  part  of  a  beautiful  poem  entitled  "  The  Village 
Blacksmith."     Read  the  entire  poem  carefully. 


57 


LESSON    XXXVII. -Contractions. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentiences  : 

1.  I  have  lost  my  knife. 

2.  I've  lost  my  knife. 

3.  Isn't  it  cold  ? 

What  does  I've  mean  in 
the  second  sentence?  What 
letters  are  omitted?  What 
letter  is  omitted  in  ;^'/?  n.  ^  a 

To  be  drawn. 
To  be  read. 

Expressions  like  I've  and  /s7i^  are  called  con- 
tractions. 

An  apostrophe  should  be  used  in  a  contraction, 
to  show  that  one  or  more  letters  have  been  omitted. 


EXERCISE  n. 
IV/tat  do  these  contractions  stajtdfor? 
it's  doesn't  Tm 

'tis  they're  aren't 

don't  mustn't  he's 

To  be  read. 


can't 

you'll 

won't 


Doesnt  is  a  contraction   for  does  not,  and  dont 
for  do  not. 

Never  write  or  say  aint  or  haint. 


58 

EXERCISE  III. 

Copy    the  following   sentences^    zvriting    the    contracted 
words  in  full: 

•  I.  She  doesn't  hear  me;   I'll  try  again. 

2.  He  wouldn't  come,  and  I  couldn't  remain. 

3.  Don't  go  ;  it  isn't  late. 

4.  I'll  go,  my  chief;   I'm  ready. 

5.  'Twas  a  famous  victory. 

6.  "  They'll  have  fleet  steeds  that  follow,"  quoth 
young  Lochinvar. 

7.  The  willows  are  bending  o'er  their  way. 

To  be  memorized. 

Trifles    make    perfection,    and    perfection    is    no 

trifle. — Michael  Angela. 

LESSON  XXXVIII. -Picture  Lesson:   Cabinet 
Maker's  Shop. 


59 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Have   yoiL    ever    been    in    a 
cabinet    maker  s    shop  ?      Tell 
To  be  drawn.  w/iat  yoiL  know  about  the  work 

of  a  cabinet  maker ^  what  tools  lie  works  zvith,  etc. 

n.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Imagine  that  yon  have  gone  to  a  cabinet  maker  s  shop^  to 
have  him  make  yon  a  sled.     Write  ivhat  is  done  and  said. 


To  be  drawn.  To  be  drawn. 


LESSON  XXXIX.-A  and  An. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  follozving  sentences  : 

1.  I  have  a  peach  and  an  apple. 

2.  A  man  stood  by  the  gate. 

3.  An  old  man  stood  by  the  gate. 

4.  A  very  old  man  stood  by  the  gate. 

Before  what  noun  is  a  placed  in  the  first  sen- 
tence }  An  in  the  same  sentence  .^  Does  peach 
begin  with  a  vowel  sound,  or  a  consonant  sound  ? 
Apple?     What    kind    of   sound    follows    a    in    the 


6o 

second   sentence?      An   in    the    third?     A  in  the 
fourth  ? 

To  be  read. 

A  IS  used  before  words  beginning  with  a  con- 
sonant sound. 

An  is  used  before  words  beginning  with  a  vowel 
sound. 

A  and  an  belong  to  a  class  of  words  called 
adjectives. 

II.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Pronounce  these  words ^  using  a.  or  an  before  each  word: 
dog  hour  girl  old  fox  daisy 

cat  room  tree  upper  room*       eagle 

egg  coat  year         golden  eagle        island 

fox  orange         herb         overcoat  arrow 

pen  unit  herd         inkstand  quiver 


m.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Copy   the  following  sentences,  filli^tg   the   blanks   with 


a  ^r  an : 


What  is 


island  ? 


2.  Stark  paid  the  Indians 
to  set  him  free. 

3.  Be honest  boy. 


hundred  dollars 


little  boy,  he  wanted 


4.  When  Columbus  was  — 
to  be sailor. 

5.  Down  in green  and  shady  bed 

modest  violet  grew. 


6i 
LESSON   XL. -Letter  Writing. 


QaaxmjuJmj, 
Vflxumjb 


ADDRESSES. 


62 


yyiuYuL  OjmyxL  Ojyvywu  Aj&ojXAmxi^  \o\j 
ocryru.amxL  WtLb  jOcyurtlvu^.  Oldj  Si/r 

-vCwub  a^Axuxi  o{  ^wrvh . 

a  oa/rrw  IuAju  ^untlaxM>ut  a/Kb 
oocaAji/yxXj  o\f  ojyxj  axia>^/atuAjey  o|  ampj^^ 
4u/Y\xL.    a  d/Aj  "Ywt  hy^  ^YYXAj/ tAj^^ 
ojYuL  (IaAj  not;  Y^AxuZ  a/vuw  oj>  rww 
\uMykxxxjj^^a/Y\xL  dAxi  nnjyC  JuaM^  f^^^ 

c5  uott  aaAaXju  X/yV(\jojYYUh  t/y-'TYW^Kfyoo', 
omAj  tidl  ^IvUh  all  Xhib  muAj^ .    ormb 
no^  aJ:>  JwYYiklnji^  t/ytJil  OMyib  XKat 
a  a^A^AHAJ  hal^  omA  h/yamAj , 


63 

Who  wrote  the  letter  on  page  62  ?  To  whom 
did  she  write  it?  Why  did  she  write  it?  Where 
was  she  when  she  wrote  it  ? 

What  is  the  first  address  on  page  61  ?  The 
second  ?  What  words  are  abbreviated  in  the 
addresses  ? 

EXERCISES   IN  LETTER   WRITING. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  letter  on  page  62.  Arrange  the  different  parts 
as  they  are  arranged  on  that  page. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Draw  the  shape  of  an  envelope  on  a  piece  of  paper.  Make 
it  about  5^  inches  long,  and  3^  inches  ivide.  Copy  the  first 
address  on  it,  arranging  the  lines  as  they  are  arranged  on 
page  6 1 . 

Copy  the  second  address  in  the  same  way. 

EXERCISE  m. 

Write  a  letter  to  a  cousin,  asking  her  to  join  a  pai'ty 
of  boys  and  girls  who  are  goijig  to  hunt  chestnuts  in  Mr. 
Smith's  woods.  Tell  her  ivho  are  going,  when  you  are 
going,  how  you  are  going,  and  Jiozv  long  you  expect  to  stay. 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Write  a  letter  to  your  father  or  mother  aboict  the  studies 
you  have  at  school. 


64 

EXERCISE  V. 

Write  an  address  for  a  letter  for  — 

1.  Your  father. 

2.  A  cousin  of  yours. 

3.  A  near  friend. 

4.  A  gentleman  of  your  acquaintance  who  lives 
in  a  city. 

5.  A  lady  who  lives  in  the  country. 


LESSON  XLI.  — Common  and  Proper  Nouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  noims  : 

day  Sunday  Monday 

boy  Joshua  Francis 

man  Grover  Cleveland  Wm.  McKinley 

dog  Leo  Rover 

city  tree  lion 

Which  two  of  these  names  are  the  names  of 
boys?  Which  two  are  the  names  of  men?  What 
name  can  be  given  to  each  day  of  the  week  ? 

To  be  read. 

Names  like  Sunday,  Joshua,  and  Grover  Cleve- 
land are  called  proper  nouns.  They  are  names 
given  to  objects  to  tell  them  from  other  objects 
like  them. 


65 

Proper  nouns  frequently  consist  of  two  or  more 
words. 

Each  word  of  a  proper  noun  should  begin  with  a 
capital  letter. 

Names  like  day,  boy,  and  mmi  are  called  common 
nouns.  They  are  names  that  can  be  applied  to  all 
objects  of  the  same  kind. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Tell  zv/iich  of  the  following  names  are  common  notinSy 
and  wJiich  are  proper  nouns : 

New  York  river 

George  Washington  Denver 

country  flower 

Henry  Clay  England 

EXERCISE  III. 

Write  three  proper  nouns  that  name  objects  named  by  the 
common  ftoicn  dog.  The  common  noitn  month.  The  com- 
mon nonn  man.      The  common  noun  boy. 

Example.  —  Leo,  Rover,  and  Jip  are  dogs. 
EXERCISE  IV. 

In  the  following  sentences,  try  to  find  seven  common 
nouns  and  eight  proper  nonns. 

The  nouns  May  and  bear  are  each  counted  twice. 

I.  Andrew  Jackson  commanded  the  army  of 
the   United  States  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 

lyte's  elem.  eng.  —  5 


Ruth 

village 

city 

Dorothy 

dog 

Florida 

girl 

India 

66 

2.  "  Now,  let's  have  a  game  of  play, 
Lucy,  Jane,  and  little  May. 

I  will    be  a  grizzly  bear. 

Prowling  here  and  prowling  there." 

3.  "  Oh,  no  !  please  not,  Robert  dear. 
Do  not  be  a  grizzly  bear ! 

Little  May  was  half  afraid 

When  she  heard  the  noise  you  made." 

To  be  memorized. 

A  good  name  is  better  than  a  good  face. 


LESSON   XLIL- Exercise  in  Letter  Writing. 

Write  letters  from  the  following  suggestions.  Follow 
the  form  given  on  page  62. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Walter  and  Ira  Dwight  are  going  with  their 
father  next  Tuesday  evening  to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
hall  to  see  a  stereopticon  exhibition  of  Yellowstone 
Park.  The  boys  want  their  cousin  Alfred  Franklin 
to  go  with  them,  and  their  father  has  given  Wal- 
ter permission  to  write  to  Alfred,  and  ask  him  to 
go  with  them  to  the  exhibition,  and  afterwards 
spend  the  night  at  Mr.  Dwight's. 


67 

EXERCISE  II. 

Alfred  is  very  glad  to  receive  the  invitation,  and 
writes  to  Walter  that  he  will  come  to  his  uncles 
in  the  afternoon.  He  also  says,  in  his  letter,  that 
his  mother  thinks  it  is  very  kind  in  his  uncle  to 
invite  him  to  go  with  the  boys. 

EXERCISE  III. 

Mr.  Dwight  lives  in  Bellows  Falls,  Vermont, 
and  Mrs.  Franklin  lives  at  Athens,  in  the  same 
State.     Address  envelopes  for  the  letters. 


LESSON    XLIII. -Adjectives. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences : 

1.  Cold  winds  blow  from  the  north. 

2.  The  green  grass  is  waving  in  the  gentle  breeze. 

3.  Gold  is  a  precious  metal. 

What  word  tells  the  kind  of  winds  that  blow 
from  the  north  }  What  word  describes  the  grass  ? 
The  breeze  ? 

To  be  read. 

The  word  co/d  describes  the  winds. 
Green,  gentle,  and  precious  describe  objects. 
These  words  are  called  adjectives. 


68 


EXERCISE   II. 

In  the  following  sentences,  select  the  words  thai  describe 
objects : 

Do  not  eat  green  fruit. 
Gentle  persons  are  admired. 
Boone  had  many  narrow  escapes. 
Old  Mother  Hubbard 
Went  to  the  cupboard 

To  get  her  poor  dog  a  bone. 


I. 

2. 

3- 
4. 


Four     little     mouths 
agape  forever; 
Four  little  throats 
that     are     never 
full ; 
Four  little  nestlings, 
who  dissever 
One  big  w^orm,  by 
a  mighty  pull. 


EXERCISE  III. 


Copy  the  following  sentences, 
iLsing  descriptive  words,  or  adjec- 
tives, in  place  of  the  dashes : 

I.    I  see  a  — —  apple. 


69 


2,  The 
has  a 

3-    


man 


—  cane. 

—  apples 
are  wholesome. 

4.  The  rose  is  a 
flower. 

5.  Sunday  should 
be  a day. 

6.  Our  soldiers  are 

7.  Base-ball  is  an  (or  a) 


men. 


8.    A 
Is    that    a   (or 
—  book  ? 
Can  you   spin 
top.f^ 


dog  bit  a 


game. 
-dog. 


EXERCISE  IV. 

Read  the  folloiving  sentences  : 

1.  Grass  is  green. 

2.  The  day  was  cold,  and  dark,  and  dreary. 

3.  Good  children  are  industrious. 

To  be  read. 

Adjectives  sometimes  follow  is,  was,  were,  and 
a  few  other  words. 


70 

EXERCISE   V. 

Supply  adjectives  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  The  sun  is . 

2.  The  day  is . 

3.  Snow  is . 

4.  This  lesson  is . 

5.  Roses  smell . 


6.  The  Mississippi  river  is . 

7.  The  weather  yesterday  was . 

8.  The  waves  were . 

9.  Was  the  dog ? 

10.    The  way  was ,  the  wind  was , 

The  minstrel  was and . 

EXERCISE   VI. 

Light  and  heavy  denote  opposite  qualities,  and  so  do  soft 
and  hard.  Write  the  following  words  in  a  column,  a7id 
opposite  each  word  write  a  word  denoting  an  opposite 
quality : 

cold  light  shallow 

■  easy  ripe  sharp 

hard  rough  weak 

To  be  memorized. 

One  little  act  of  kindness  done  — 
One  little  kind  word  spoken  — 

Hath  power  to  make  a  thrill  of  joy 
E'en  in  a  heart  that's  broken. 


71 


LESSON   XLIV.- Exercises  in  Letter  Writing. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Write  a  letter  to  a  cousin  about  your  school. 

Tell  him  something  about  the  building  and  the 
room. 

Who  is  the  teacher? 

What  studies  have  you?  Which  are  easy? 
Which  difficult?  Which  one  do  you  like  best? 
Why? 

What  games  do  you  play  ?  Say  something  about 
your  playmates. 

Invite  him  to  come  to  see  the  school. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Write  a  letter  to  a  friend  who  formerly  lived  in  your 
neighborhood,  but  moved  several  miles  away  three  months 
ago.      Write  it  as  if  it  were  to  be  sent  to  a  real  friend. 


LESSON  XLV.  — Comparison  of  Objects. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read    the    following 
sentences  : 

1.  An   elephant  is 
larger  than  a  Hon. 

2.  A   mountain    is 
higher  than  a  hill. 

3.  A     brook     is 
smaller  than  a  creek.  To  be  drawn. 


72 
EXERCISE  n. 

In  the  same  way^  compare  — 

1.  A  lake  and  a  pond. 

2.  A  river  and  a  brook. 

3.  Pigeons  and  robins. 

4.  Eighth  grade  pupils  and  sixth  grade  pupils. 

5.  Trees  and  shrubs. 

6.  The  two  dwelling  houses  nearest  your  home. 

7.  New  York  and  Chicago. 

8.  Texas  and  California. 

9.  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware. 

10.    The  Mississippi  river  and  the  Amazon  river. 


LESSON  XLVL- Composition:  The  Photograph. 

Study  this  picture^  and  then  write  a  composition  from  the 
following  hints : 

A  boy  about  sixteen  is  trying  to  take  a  photo- 
graph of  these  two  little  boys.      Give  him  a  name. 

Name  each  little  boy. 
Where  are  they?  What 
is  the  oldest  boy  saying  ? 
What  do  the  little  ones 
answer?  Are  they  try- 
ing to  keep  quiet?  Can 
they  do  it?  Why  not? 
Was  the  photograph  finally  taken?  Is  it  a  good 
one  ? 


n 


LESSON   XLVII.-Possessives. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Point  out  the  names,  or  no?ins,  in  the  following  sentences  : 

1.  Ross's  top  was  broken. 

2.  Lawrence's  books  are  lost. 

3.  General     Lee's    horse    was 
shot. 

4.  Do  you  hear  that 
child? 

5.  Is  a  child's  voice  musical  ? 

6.  The  Indians  captured  the  emigrant's  wagon. 

Who  owns  the  broken  top  "l  Whose  books 
were  lost.^^  Who  possessed  the  horse  that  was 
shot }  Which  of  the  following  nouns  denote 
possession } 

Ross  Ross's  child  child's 

Lawrence       Lawrence's  emigrant      emigrant's 

General  Lee       General  Lee's 


To  be  drawn. 


What  do  we  add  to  these  nouns  to  make  them 
denote  possession }  Are  these  nouns  singular  or 
plural  nouns }  How  is  the  possessive  of  singular 
nouns  formed } 

To  be  read. 

An  apostrophe  and  the  letter  s  {'s)  are  added  to 
singular  nouns  to  form  the  possessive. 


74 

EXERCISE  n. 

Write  the  possessive  of  the  following  singular  nouns : 
Example.  —  man,  man's. 

man  child  Mr.  Rice  tigress 

boy  tiger  Mrs.  Smith  serpent 

fox  mouse  elephant  ocean 

EXERCISE  III. 

Write  five  sentences^  using  i^t  each  sentence  a  noun  that 
denotes  possession.  Select  the  nouns  from  the  foregoing 
list. 

Example.  —  The  man's  work  is  done. 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Change  the  following  expressions,  so  that  each  one  will 
contain  a  noun  in  the  possessive  form  : 

tops  belonging  to  the  little  boy. 

Example.  —  The  little  boy's  tops. 

farm  possessed  by  the  man. 

violin  belonging  to  Ole  Bull. 

song  of  the  lark. 

hatchet  belonging  to  George  Washington. 

cave  of  the  dragon. 

ax  belonging  to  Gladstone. 

nest  of  the  eagle. 

horse  owned  by  General  Jackson. 

flag  of  our  country. 


75 

EXERCISE  V. 


Write  five  sentences,  using  orte  of  the  foregoing  expressions 
in  the  possessive  form  in  each  sentence. 


LESSON  XLVIII.— Memory  Exercise:   The  Snow. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Commit  the  following  little  poem  to  memory: 
THE    SNOW. 

1.  The  blessed  morn  has  come  again ; 

The  early  gray 
Taps  at  the  slumberer's  window  pane 

And  seems  to  say, 
Break,  break  from  the  enchanter's  chain, 

Away,  away ! 

2.  'Tis  winter,  yet  there  is  no  sound 

Upon  the  air 
O:  winds  along  their  battle-ground; 

But  gently  there 
The  snow  is  falling,  —  all  around 

How  fair,  how  fair !  — Ralph  Hoyt. 

Which  are  the  winter  months  ?  What  is  meant 
by  the  early  gray  tapping  at  the  window  pane? 
.By  the  enchanter?  Does  a  person  who  is  asleep 
seem    as   helpless    as    if    he   were    bound    with    a 


76 

chain  ?       Where    is    the    wind's    battle    ground  ? 
Which  falls   more   silently,    snow  or  rain  ? 

EXERCISE  II. 

Write  about  a  snowstorm  tJiat  yoit  7'emember. 

When  did  it  begin  ?  How  long  did  it  last  ?  Was 
the  snow  deep  ?  Were  there  large  snowdrifts  ? 
Did  you  enjoy  the  snow  ?     What  did  you  do  ? 

Write  all  that  you  can  about  snow. 

Readings  Suggested.  —  The  Snow  Shower.  —  Bryant.  Selections 
from  "  Snow-Bound." — Whittier. 


LESSON    XLIX.-Possessives. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Which  of  the  folloiving  nouns  are  in  the  singidar  form  ? 
Which  are  in  the  plural  form  ? 

Ross  boy  child  flies 

tree  fox  boys  serpent 

mice  fly  foxes  children 

EXERCISE  n. 

Point  out  the  names,  or  nouns,  in  the  following  sentences: 

1.  Who  took  the  boys'  tops? 

2.  Owls'  eyes  are  large. 

3.  The  men's  ammunition  was  stolen. 

4.  The  emigrants'  wagons  were  destroyed. 

5.  Foxes'  tails  are  large  and  bushy. 


77 

6.  Have  you  ever  seen  flies'  eyes  ? 

7.  Do  you  hear  the  children  ? 

8.  Are  children's  voices  musical? 

Whose  tops  were  taken?  Who  possessed  the 
wagons  that  were  destroyed  ?  What  nouns  in 
these  sentences  denote  possession  ?  Which  of  the 
following  nouns  are  in  the  possessive  form? 

boys  boys' 


owls 

owls' 

men 

men's 

emigrants 

emigrants' 

children 

children's 

foxes 

foxes' 

Are  these  nouns  singular  or  plural  ?  Which  of 
the  nouns  in  the  first  column  end  with  s}  How 
do  we  form  the  possessive  of  these  nouns  ?  How 
do  we  form  the  possessive  of  the  nouns  that  do  not 
end  with  s} 

To  be  read. 

An  apostrophe  (')  is  added  to  plural  nouns  ending 
with  s  to  form  the  possessive. 

An  apostrophe  and  the  letter  s  (s)  are  added  to 
plural  nouns  not  ending  with  s  to  form  the  posses- 
sive. 

Most  plural  nouns  end  with  s. 


7^ 

EXERCISE  III. 

Write  the  possessive  form  of  the  follozving  phiral  nouns : 

boys  mice  women         buffaloes 

men  flies  horses  mosquitoes 

foxes         geese         wolves  children 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Write  five  sentences,  using  in  each  sentence  a  plnral  nonn 
that  denotes  possession.  Select  the  ftouns  from  the  foregoing 
list. 

Example.  —  Buffaloes'  heads  are  large. 

EXERCISE  V. 

Change  the  following  expressions,  so  that  each  one  zvill 
contain  a  plural  7tonn  in  the  possessive  form  : 

ships  possessed  by  the  merchants. 

Example.  —  The  merchants'  ships. 

tops  belonging  to  the  boys. 

dolls  of  the  little  girls. 

caps  belonging  to  the  sailors. 

wigwams  of  the  Indians. 

horses  owned  by  the  soldiers. 

jungles  of  the  tigers. 

guns  possessed  by  the  hunters. 

songs  of  the  birds. 

books  belonging  to  the  children. 


79 


EXERCISE  VI. 


Write  five  sentences^  using  one  of  the  foregoing  expres- 
sions in  the  possessive  form  in  each  sentence. 


To  be  memorized. 


Do  you  covet  learning's  prize  t 
Climb  her  heights  and  take  it. 

In  ourselves  our  fortune  lies ; 

Life  is  what  we  make  it. — /.  W.  Westlake. 


LESSON   L.-The  Bear. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  story : 

THE    BEAR   THAT    HUGGED    THE    TEAKETTLE. 

A  bear  once  came  out  of  the  woods  late  in  the 
autumn,  to  have,  one 
more  walk  before  he 
should    go  to  sleep 
for  the  winter. 

A  little  farm- 
house stood  near 
the  woods,  and  the 
boiling  teakettle  had 
been  set  out  of  doors 
on  a  little  table  by 
the  woodshed. 


8o 


The  bear  saw  the  steam  coming  from  the  spout 

of  the  kettle,  and  perhaps  he 
had  never  seen  such  a  sight 
before ;  for  he  hurried  up  to 
the  table,  and  standing  on 
his  hind  legs,  put  his  nose 
into  the  hot  steam  to  smell 
it.  Of  course  his  nose  was 
burned,  and  he  was  angry 
with  the  teakettle,  and  jump- 
ing on  the  table  he  seized  it  in  his  hairy  paws ;  but 

he      dropped      it 

very  quickly  and 

spilled  some  of  the 

hot  water  on  his 

feet.      The    little 

children  who  were 

looking  out  of  the 

window     at     him     j  : 

were  very  glad  to     | 

see  him  run  away 

as  fast  as  he  could,  and  their  mama  assured  them 

that  the  bear  would  not  be  hkely  to  visit  their  house 

again  that  winter.  —  Anonymous. 

What  is  the  title  of  this  story?  In  which 
month  do  you  think  this  bear  came  out  of  the 
woods }      What   is   meant   by   the   bear-  going   to 


8i 

sleep  for  the  winter?  Where  was  the  teakettle 
before  it  was  put  on  the  table  ?  Do  you  know  how 
steam  is  made  ?  Can  a  bear  stand  on  his  hind  legs  ? 
Why  were  the  children  glad  to  see  the  bear  run 
away?  Do  you  think  that  this  is  a  true  story? 
Is  it  known  who  wrote  it  ?  Did  you  ever  see  a 
bear  ?     When  ?     What  did  the  bear  do  ? 


EXERCISE  n. 


Close   your   book   and   write 
the  story  in  your  own  words. 


To  be  drawn. 


EXERCISE  ni. 


Look  closely  at  the  jive  pictures  that  folloiv,  and  then 
write  a  story  about 


A    TAME    BEAR. 


lytf's  elem.  eng.  —  6 


82 


GiMm- 


83 


LESSON   LI.  — This  and  These;  That  and  Those. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read    the   following 
sentences : 

1.  This    top  spins 
longer  than  that  top. 

2.  I    Hke    to    read 
this   book. 

3.  That    book     is 
not  interesting. 

4.  These  three 
apples  are  large,  but 
those  two  are   small. 

5.  These  books 
are  histories,  and 
those  books  are  arith- 
metics. 

Which  top  seems 
the  nearer,  the  one 
that  is  spinning  or  the 
one  that  has  stopped 
spinning.?  How  are 
this  and  that  used  in  the  first  sentence  ?  Which, 
apples  seem  the  nearer,  the  three  large  ones  or 
the  two  small  ones  ?  How  are  these  and  those 
used  in  the  fourth  sentence  ?  How  do  this  and 
these  differ  in  use?      That  and  those? 


84 

To  be  read. 

This  refers  to  a  single  object  near  the  speaker; 
that  refers  to  a  single  object  farther  away. 

These  refers  to  two  or  more  objects  near  the 
speaker;  those  refers  to  two  or  more  objects  farther 
away. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Use  this,  that,  these,  or  those  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.   tree  is  nearer  to  me  than one. 

2.  Don't  go  near cross  dog. 

3.    little  children  are  too  far  away  from  us. 

4.  Come  here,  and  look  at pictures. 

5.  How  high wild  geese  fly ! 

6.  How  cold  weather  is  ! 

7. mountains  are  higher  than are. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Place  several  books  before  you  on  the  desk,  and  show  by 
pointi7ig  to  them  how  you  would  nse  these  expressions  : 

this  book  these  books 

those  books  that  book 

To  be  memorized. 

Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart :  for  they  shall 
see  God. — Bible. 

Blessed  are  the  peacemakers  :  for  they  shall  be 
called  the  children  of  God. — Bible, 


8s 


LESSON   Lll.  — Picture  Lesson:  Accident. 


|ii"«  'nk 


86 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  the  pictures.  Did  you  ever  see  any  one  break 
through  the  icef  What  care  should  every  one  take  who 
goes  skating  f 

n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  an  account  of  the  accide7it  and  the  rescue  for  a 
newspaper. 


LESSON  LMI.-Verbs. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  : 

1.  Sea  gulls  fly.  4.    Lions  roar. 

2.  The  sun  shines.  5.    They  growl. 

3.  Trees  grow.  6.    The  snow  is  melting. 

Which  word  in  the  first  sentence  is  a  noun } 
What  word  is  used  with  it }  In  the  third  sen- 
tence what  word  is  used  with  the  noun  trees  to 
make  a  statement.?  W^hich  word  in  the  fourth 
sentence  is  a  noun }  What  word  is  used  with 
it  to  make  a  statement  .^^  In  the  fifth  sentence 
what  word  is  used  with  the  pronoun  they  to  make 
a  statement } 

To  be  read. 

The  word  fiy  is  used  with  the  noun  sea  gulls 
to  make  a  statement.     It  is  called  a  verb. 

The  word  growl  is  used  with  the  pronoun  they 
to  make  a  statement.     It  is  called  a  verb. 


87 

Shines,  grow,  roar,  and   is  melting  in   the  fore- 
going sentences  are  verbs. 

Verbs  frequently  express  action. 

EXERCISE  n. 
Copy  the  following,  tising  verbs  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  Dogs .  6.    Cats mice. 

2.  The  stars .  7.    Snow white. 

3.  A  horse .  8.    Bees honey. 


They .  9.    Birds nests. 

Mosquitoes .         10.    I my  book. 

1 1.  Columbus America. 

12.  A  lion the  king  of  beasts. 


EXERCISE  in. 

Write  sentences,  using  these  words  as  verbs  : 

fly  is  melting 

run  may  go 

walks  study 

can  sing  howl 

twinkle  was  eaten 

Examples.  —  Birds  fly.     The  aged  man  walks  slowly. 
To  be  remembered. 

He  that  is  good  at  making   excuses   is   seldom 
good  for  anything  else.  —  Franklin, 


88 


LESSON   LIV.— Picture  Lesson:   Gathering   Flowers. 


TfrrrfifMiirn. 

I>1 


f    f^ 


I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  what  you 
see  in  the  pictures. 


II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  the  story  sug- 
gested by  the  pictures. 


89 


LESSON   LV.  — Singular  and  Plural  Forms  of  Verbs. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  senteftces  : 

1.  Lions  roar.  3.    Sea  gulls  fly. 

2.  The  lion  roars.  4.    The  sea  gull  flies. 

5.  The  whale  lives  in  the  ocean. 

6.  Whales  live  in  the  ocean. 

In  which  sentence  is  one  lion  referred  to  ?  In 
which  sentence  are  more  than  one  referred  to } 
How  do  the  verbs  in  these  two  sentences  differ  .J* 
How  do  the  verbs  in  the  third  and  fourth  sentences 
differ.?     In  the  fifth  and  sixth.? 

To  be  read. 

The  verb  roars  is  used  with  a  noun  that  means 
but  one. 

The  verb  roar  is  used  with  a  noun  that  means 
more  than  one. 

The  verbs  fly  and  live  are  used  with  nouns  that 
mean  more  than  one.  When  used  with  nouns 
that  mean  but  one,  the  letter  s  is  added  to  the 
verbs.  Other  verbs  may  be  changed  in  the  same 
way. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Copy  the  following^  using  verbs  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  The  robin .  3.    The  wren . 

2.  Robins .  4.    Wrens . 


90 


5-    Dogs .  8.   Clocks . 

6.  Old  Leo .  9.   A  tiger . 

7.  The  clock .  10.    Tigers . 

11.  The  lark at  sunrise. 

12.  Larks at  sunrise. 

EXERCISE  m. 

Re-write  the  following  sentences.  Change  the  first  noun 
from  the  singular  to  the  plural  form.  Change  the  verbs 
also.     Omit  the  and  a  or  an  when  necessary. 

1.  A  wolf  howls. 

2.  The  cotton  field  needs  rain. 

3.  A  clove  has  a  biting  taste. 

4.  The  bat  flies  at  night. 

5.  A  watch  ticks  rapidly. 

6.  The  robin  eats  earthworms. 

7.  The  orange  grows  in  Florida. 

8.  An  eagle  has  sharp  claws. 

9.  A  seed  becomes  a  plant. 

10.    A  blossom  changes  into  a  fruit. 

Examples.  —  Wolves  howl.     Seeds  become  plants. 
To  be  memorized. 

Think  truly,  and  thy  thought 
Shall  the  world's  famine  feed ; 

Speak  truly,  and  thy  word 
Shall  be  a  fruitful  seed. 

Live  truly,  and  thy  life 
Shall  be  a  noble  creed. 


91 


LESSON   LVI. -Written  Exercise:  The  Dandelion. 

Write  answers  to  the  following  questions  : 


Where    does    the    dandelion    grow?       In    what 
months  have  you  seen  the  dandelion  in 
bloom  ?     What  is  the  color  of  the  flower  ? 
Is  it  a  pretty  flower  ? 

What  is  seen  on  the  stem  of  the  dan- 
delion after  the  flower  dies?  What  is 
the  color  of  the  ball  of  seeds?  What 
can  you  say  about  the  stem  that  holds 
the  ball  ?     How  are  the  seeds  scattered  ? 

What     does     the     word     "  dandelion  " 
mean  ?     Is  the  name  a  good  one  for  this  flower  ? 

Readings  Suggested,  —  Little  Dandelion.  —  Helen  B.  Bostwick.    To 
the  Dandelion.  —  Lowell. 


To  be  drawn. 


92 


LESSON   LVI I. -Objective  Form  of  Pronouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  senteiices^  iLsing  me,  you,  him,  her,  it, 
us,  or  them  instead  of  the  dashes : 

1.  I  see .  3.    Do  you  know ? 

2.  He  spoke  to .     4.   Come  to . 

5.  I  called  ,  but  she  did  not  hear . 

6.  The  boy  ran,  and  the  dog  ran  after and 

bit . 

7.  The  guard  saw . 

8.  What  beautiful  roses!     Where  did  you  get 
? 


9.  I  bought at  the  florist's. 

10.  The  watchman  saw when  I  walked  by. 

11.  The  teacher  stood  between  Mary  and . 

12.  The  soldiers  protected and . 

To  be  read. 

The  words  me,  you,  him,  her,  it,  us,  and  them  are 
pronouns.  They  are  the  objective  forms  of  the  pro- 
nouns I,  you,  he,  she,  it,  me,  and  they. 

Nominative  form :   I       you   he      she   it  we   they 
Objective  form :        me   you   him   her  it   us    them 

EXERCISE  II. 

Use  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  statement  or 
question : 

me  us  him  her  them 


93 

EXERCISE  m. 

Use  the  pronoun  me  m  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  He  saw  Mary  and . 

2.  Did  you  hear  Henry  and ? 

3.  It  was  given  to  papa  and . 

4.  The  dog  ran  between  you  and 


5.  My  brother  came  for  my  cousin  and . 

6.  They  met  Mr.  Scott  and at  the  seashore. 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Use  I  or  me  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  Mary  and were  at  school. 

2.  Did  you  see  him  and  at  the  entertain- 
ment } 

3.  Come  to  the  office  to  meet  Mr.  Brooks  and 


4.  The  teacher  called  John   and  into  the 

room. 

5.  The   captain  thought  that  the  sergeant  and 
were  on  guard. 

6.  For  whom   were  the   books    brought  .f*       For 
Mrs.  Gates  and . 

To  be  memorized. 

O  what  a  tangled  web  we  weave 
When  first  we  practice  to  deceive. 

—  Sir  Walter  Scott. 


94 


LESSON   LVIIL- Picture  Lesson:   The  Cat  and  the 

Mouse. 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 


Describe  the  pictures. 
What  can  yoii,  tell  about 
cats  ? 


II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Imagine  the  cat  and 
the  mouse  talking.  What 
does  the  mouse  say  when 
it  is  caught  ? 


What  does  the  cat  reply  ? 
What  does  the  mouse  say 
when  it  escapes  ? 


95 
LESSON   LIX.  — Possessive  Forms  of  Pronouns. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  followmg  sentences^  using  my,  your,  his,  her, 
its,  our,  or  their  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  Edna  and  I  are  studying lessons. 

2.  He  bowed head. 

3.  The  little  child  lost doll. 

4.  The  child  hurt hand. 

5.  I  love mountain  home. 

6.  Come  to father's  house. 

7.  The  brave  soldiers  followed  the  flag  of  

country. 

8.  Where  did  Sir  John  Franklin  lose life } 

9.  " money  or life,"  the  robber  cried. 

10.    Some  little  mice  sat  in  a  barn  to  spin, 

Pussy  came  by  and  popped head  in ; 

"Shall  I  come  in  and  cut threads  off?" 

"O  no!  kind  sir;  you  will  snap heads  off." 

To  be  read. 

The  words  my,  your,  his,  her,  its,  our,  and  their 
are  pronouns.  They  are  the  possessive  forms  of 
the  pronouns  /,  you,  he,  she,  it,  we,  and  they. 

Nominative  form :  I  you  he  she  it  we  they 
Possessive  form:  my  your  his  her  its  our  their 
Objective  form:       me  you     him  her   it    us     them 


96 

EXERCISE  n. 

Use  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  statement  or  ques- 
tion : 

my     our     his     her     their 

EXERCISE  III. 

The  following  possessive  forms  are  nsed  when  a  noun 
does  not  follow  the  pronotin: 

mine     ours     his     hers     theirs 

Use  these  pronoj4ns  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  These  books  are . 

2.  Is  that  book  Mary's?     No;  is  lost. 

3.  I  have . 

4.  Where  are ? 

5.  I   brought  my  blanket,  but  they  left in 

the  tent. 

Never    use    ourn,  yourn,  youse,   hern,    theirn, 
hisn. 

LESSON   LX.  — Picture  Lesson:  A  Field  of  Corn. 


97 


+-J 


I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  the  pictures. 
Which      picture 


represents  spring 


^».-,^,.;.       j„» 


j-^^^*^*^. 


Are  any  of  the 
j  other  seasons  repre- 
sented ?  Tell  what 
you  know  of  life 
on  a  farm.  The 
farmer's  work. 


n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  about  the  dif- 
ference between  living 
on  a  farm  and  living 
in  a  city. 


What  work  is  done  on  a  farm } 

Which  of  the  two  places  do  you  prefer  t     Why .? 


lyte's  ELEM.  ENG.  —  7 


98 


m.   ORAL  AND  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 
AN    EAR    OF    CORN. 


What  is  planted  to  produce 
it  ?  How  is  it  planted  ?  How 
is    it   taken   from    the    stalk  ? 


^^imMim^i^^    \^  (M 

To  be  drawn.  To  be  drawn. 

From  the  field?     What  is  it  used  for? 

Readings  Suggested.  —  The  Corn  Song. —  Whittier.    The  Huskers. 
—  Whittier. 


LESSON   LXL  — Pronouns  after  Is  and  Was. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  follozving  sentences  aloud  several  times : 

1.  It  is  I. 

2.  Was  it  the  boys  who  made  the  noise?     Yes, 
it  was  they. 

3.  Was  it  he  ?     Yes,  it  was  he. 

4.  Is  it  she  ?     No,  it  isn't  she. 

5.  It  is  we  boys. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  follozving  sentences,  using  I,  he,  she,  or  they 
in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  Who  is  there  ?     It  is . 

2.  It  was who  won  the  battle. 


3-   "  It  was 

4.  Is  it  — 

5.  Itis  — 


99 

— ,"  said  the  sparrow. 

6.  Was  it ? 

7.  It  was . 

Never  say,  It  is  me,  It  was  him.  That  is  her. 

To  be  memorized. 

Fine  manners  are  the  mantle  of  fair  minds. 

— Alcott, 

LESSON    LXIL -About  Birds. 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Where  do  you  usually  see  these  birds  ?  Do  they 
remain  here  all  the  year  ?  If  not,  at  what  time  of 
the  year  are  they  seen  ?  What  do  they  eat } 
Where  do  they  build  their  nests?  How  many 
birds  can  you  name  ?  How  many  birds  can  you 
tell  by  their  songs?    Should  birds  be  killed? 


m^ 


Red-headed  Woodpecker. 


Robin, 


lOO 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  answers  to  these  questio7ts.      Tell  what  you  know 
about  the  birds  you  have  seen  oftenest. 

III.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Imagine  two  robins  talking  about  boys  and  girls. 

Readings  Suggested.  —  Robert  of  Lincoln. — Bryant.     Lines  to  a 
Waterfowl.  —  Bryant. 


LESSON   LXIII.-Who  and  Whom. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences : 

1.  Who  won  the  battle  of  Gettysburg? 

2.  To  whom  did  General  Lee  surrender? 

3.  Whom  did  the  party  elect  ? 

4.  There  was  once  a  man  who  had  a  goose  that 
laid  a  golden  egg  every  day. 

5.  The  man  from  whom  the  message  came  is  my 
brother. 

6.  With  whom  did  he  go  ? 

7.  Who  will  go  with  me  ? 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  following  sentences^  icsing  who  or  whom  in  place 
of  the  dashes  : 

1.   lost  the  battle? 

2.  To shall  I  go  for  help  ? 


3. 
4. 


lOI 

will  the  directors  select  for  teacher  ? 

Men  are    honest  and  m3M5JtHo^s 


respected.  ,>  >  ,   ,    >  ,„  , 

5.  I  met  the  gentleman  to      '^  ''^  you  WoS:' 
message. 

6.   wrote  the  letter  ? 

7.  From did  the  letter  come  ? 

8.   shall  I  send  ? 

9.  . will  be  sent  ? 

10.    If  Wisdom's  ways  you'd  wisely  seek, 
Five  things  observe  with  care : 

Of you  speak,  to you  speak. 

And  how,  and  when,  and  where. 


a,r'e;;: 
'the'^ 


LESSON   LXIV,- Written  Exercise:   The  Butterfly. 

Write  a7iszvers  to  the  follozving  questions.  Make  four 
paragraphs  of  your  composition.  Entitle  it 
'*  The  Butterfly:' 

How  many  rings  has  the 
caterpillar  in  the  picture  ? 
About  how  long  is  it  ?  What 
else  can  you  tell  about  it  1 

What  has  become  of  the 
caterpillar  ?  How  is  it  held 
to  the  branch  I     Is  it  dead  '^. 


102 


What  change  has  now  taken  place  ?  How  many 
wings, has  this  butterfly ?  How  do  they  differ? 
How  niany  feders  has  it? 


Close  your  composition  by  imagining  the  butterfly  saying 
I  creep  on  the  ground,  and  the  children  say : 
"  You  ugly  old  thing !  "  and  push  me  away. 
I  lie  in  my  bed,  and  the  children  say : 
"  The  fellow  is  dead  ;  we'll  throw  him  away." 
At  last  I  awake,  and  the  children  try 
To  make  me  stay,  as  I  rise  and  fly. 


PART    III. 


LESSON   LXV.-Come,  Came;    Run,  Ran. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  follozvi?tg  sentences  a?td  point  out  the  verbs  in 
them : 

1.  He  came  yesterday. 

2.  I  come,  I  come. 

3.  The  boy  runs  fast. 

4.  The  horse  ran  away. 

5.  The  two  boys  ran  a  race  yesterday. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Use  come  {or  comes)  or  came,  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  I to  school  regularly. 

2.  He to  school  regularly. 

3.  We to  school  regularly. 

4.  We to  school  yesterday. 

5.  She to  school  yesterday. 

6.  They too  late  to  see  her. 

Do  not  say,  /  come  yesterday,  He  come  last  week, 

I  have  came, 

103 


104 

EXERCISE  III. 

Use  run  {or  runs)  or  ran,  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  I for  exercise. 

2.  Boys fast. 

3.  Daniel  Boone  into  the  forest  to  escape 

from  the  Indians.  ^ 

4.  That  greyhound very  fast. 

5.  The  child  after  the  wagon,  but  did  not 

catch  it. 

6.  How  fast   the   river  between   its  banks 

and  the  rushes ! 

Do  not  say  "  I  run  "  when  you  wish  to  refer  to 
past  time. 

LESSON   LXVL  — The  Seasons:   Spring  and  Summer. 

ORAL  EXERCISE. 

How  many  seasons  are  there  ?  Which  months 
of  the  year  belong  to  spring  ?  Which  months  are 
called  summer  months  ?  Which  are  the  autumn 
months  ?     The  winter  months  ? 

What  signs  of  the  coming  of  spring  have  you 
observed?  What  do  you  see  on  the  trees?  What 
do  farmers  do  in  the  spring  ?  What  games  do  boys 
play  in  the  spring  ? 

What  kind  of  weather  do  we  generally  have  in 
summer?  What  can  you  say  about  the  length 
of  the  days  at  this  season  ?     What  berries  ripen  in 


105 

summer  ?  Where  do  many  persons  spend  part  of 
the  summer?  What  do  you  like  to  do  in  the 
summer  ? 


I. 

2. 

3- 
7. 
8. 


He  did  it. 

He  has  done  it. 


LESSON   LXVIL-Do,  Did,  Done. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  foil oiving  sentences  carefully  : 

I  do  it.  4.    He  does  it. 

I  did  it.  5. 

I  have  done  it.  6. 

I  do  the  work  wiUingly. 
She  does  her  duty. 
9.    They  did  it  yesterday. 

10.  The  laborer  has  done  his  work  well. 

11.  The  laborers  have  done  their  work  well. 

12.  The  men  will  do  the  work  to-morrow. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Co/}j/  the  following  sentences^  using  do  {or  does),  did,  or 
have  done  {or  has  done)  in  place  of  the  dashes : 

I.    I it  every  day. 

I  will this  for  you. 

I it  yesterday. 

I it  often. 

Every  one  must his  duty. 


your  best  at  all  times. 

She it. 


io6 


8.  They it. 

9.   he the  work  ? 

10.    He it  yesterday. 


Never  say,  /  do7ie  it. 


LESSON   LXVIII.-The  Seasons: 
Autumn  and  Winter, 

ORAL  EXERCISE. 

What  signs  of  the  coining  of  autumn  have  you 
observed  "l  What  fruits  ripen  in  autumn  ?  What 
change  takes  place  in  the  leaves  of  the  trees  ? 
What  work  does  the  farmer  do  in  the  autumn } 

What  kind  of  weather  have  we  in  winter?  What 
sometimes  covers  the  ground  in  winter?  What  can 
you  say  of  the  streams  ?  How  do  you  generally 
spend  the  winter  months  ?  What  pleasures  have 
you  during  this  season  ? 

Does  each  season  have  its  pleasures  ?  Its  work 
to  be  done  ?  Which  do  you  think  is  the  pleasantest 
season  of  the  year  ?     Why  ? 

To  be  memorized. 

Spring's  opening  buds  and  gentle  showers, 
Bright  Summer's  birds  and  fragrant  flowers, 
Rich  Autumn's  fruits  that  freely  fall. 
Stern  Winter's  storms  —  I  love  them  all. 


07 


LESSON   LXIX.  — Memory  Exercise 

EXERCISE  I. 

Commit  tJie  followiiig  stanzas  to  77iemory : 
THE    VIOLET. 

Down  in  a  green  and  shady  bed 

A  modest  violet  grew ; 
Its  stalk  was  bent,  it  hung  its  head. 

As  if  to  hide  from  view. 

And  yet  it  was  a  lovely  flower, 

Its  color  bright  and  fair ; 
It  might  have  graced  a  rosy  bower 

Instead  of  hiding  there. 

Yet  thus  it  was  content  to  bloom, 

In  modest  tints  arrayed; 
And  there  diffuse  its  sweet  perfume 

Within  the  silent  shade. 

Then  let  me  to  the  valley  go, 

This  pretty  flower  to  see, 
That  I  may  also  learn  to  grow 

In  sweet  humility. 

— Jane  Taylor  (i  783-1 824). 

Why  is  the  violet  called  modest  ?  Why  might 
the  violet  "have  graced  a  rosy  bower"?  What  is 
meant  by  "  the  silent  shade  "  ?  What  is  a  valley  t 
What  is  meant  by  humility  ? 


io8 

EXERCISE  II. 


Write  a  composition  about  violets.  Where  have  you 
gathered  them  f  When  do  they  bloom  ?  What  does  a  violet 
look  like  ?  Has  it  a  pleasant  odor  ?  Tell  all  yon  can  about 
violets. 


EXERCISE  III. 


Write  zvhat  you  can  of  the  lesson  of  modesty  taught  by 
the  violet. 


LESSON   LXX.-See,  Saw,  Seen, 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  folloiving  sentences  carefully : 

1.  I  see  it.  4.    He  sees  it. 

2.  I  saw  it.  5.    He  saw  it. 

3.  I  have  seen  it.  6.    He  has  seen  it. 

7.  Did  you  ever  see  a  comet  t 

8.  I  saw  a  comet  last  year. 

9.  How  many  planets  have  you  seen  ? 
10.  I  cannot  see  the  planet  Mercury. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  followi^ig  sentences^  using  see  {or  sees),  saw,  or 
have  seen  {or  has  seen)  iii  place  of  the  dashes: 

1.  I the  sun  every  clear  day. 

2.  Can  you me  } 

3.  The  boys the  stars  last  night. 


109 


you  ever 


5.    No  one 


Never  say,  /  seen  it. 


■  the  ocean  ? 
the  north  pole. 


To  be  memorized. 

Behind  the  cloud  the  starlight  lurks, 
Through  showers  the  sunbeams  fall; 

For  God,  who  loveth  all  his  works, 
Has  left  his  hope  with  all.  —  Whittier. 


LESSON    LXXL -Written  Exercise:  Cherry  Blossoms. 

Write  answers  to  the  following  questions.  Make  four 
paragraphs  of  yonr  composition.  Entitle  it  ^^ Cherry  Blos- 
soms'' 


Cherry  Blossom 


Stem  with  seed  box, 
called  pistil. 


Stems    with  Green  cup, 

duct  cups,  called 

called  Calyx. 
Stamens. 


When  do  cherry  trees  bear 
blossoms?  How  many  flower 
leaves  does  a  cherry  blossom 
have.'^  What  are  they  called.'^ 
What  is  their  color  ? 


no 


Green  Cherries. 


What  is  the  part  below  the 
corolla  called  ?  What  other 
parts  of  a  cherry  blossom  are 
there  ? 

Do  the  blossoms  stay  on 
the  tree  long? 
What  becomes  of 

them?  What  are  they  followed 
by?  Are  green  cherries  good  to 
eat? 

When  do  cherries  ripen  ?     Are 
all    ripe    cherries    of    the    same 
color?     Are  ripe  cherries  whole- 
Ripe  Cherries.  somc  ?     Are  you  fond  of  them  ? 


LESSON   LXXII.-Go,  Went,  Gone. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  several  times : 

1.  I  go.  4.   He  goes  daily. 

2.  I  went.  5.    He  is  going  slowly, 

3.  I  have  gone.  6.    He  went  yesterday. 
7.  He  has  gone  several  times. 

8.  Go  at  once. 

9.  He  went  to  the  office. 
10.    When  shall  I  go? 


Ill 

EXERCISE  II. 


Copy  the  follozving  sentence s^  using  go  {or  goes),  went, 
gone,  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  We to  school  regularly. 

2.  Winter  has . 

3.  They  have away. 

4.  Washington   and   his   troops  to   Valley 

Forge. 

5.   slowly. 

6.  Men  may  come,  and  men  may 

But  I on  forever. 


LESSON   LXXIII.-The  Seasons. 

WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  ansivers  to  the  questions  in  Lessons  LXVI.  ajtd 
L XVIII.     Add  other  facts  concetiiing  the  seasons. 


LESSON   LXXIV.-Sing,  Sang,  Sung. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully : 

1.  I  sing. 

2.  I  sang. 

3.  I  have  sung. 

4.  She  sings  sweetly. 


112 

She  sang  several  songs. 
She  has  not  sung  since  she  was  ill. 
She  has  often  sung  that  hymn. 
How  beautifully  Anna  is  singing! 
They  will  sing  the  anthem  again. 
I  cannot  sing  the  old  songs. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  followmg  sentences,  using  sing  {or  sings),  sang, 
or  sung  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 


5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

lO 


I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5. 
6. 


Birds sweetly. 

The  children merry  songs. 

They "  Home,  sweet  home." 

The  lark at  sunrise. 

Hear  the  bird ! 

They of  love  and  not  of  fame, 

Forgot  was  Britain's  glory ; 
Each  heart  recalled  a  different  name, 

But  all "  Annie  Laurie." 


LESSON   LXXV.- Memory  Exercise:    Little  by  Little. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Commit  the  following  stanzas  to  memory  : 

I.    "  Little  by  little,"  an  acorn  said, 
As  it  slowly  sank  in  its  mossy  bed ; 
"  I  am  improving  every  day, 
Hidden  deep  in  the  earth  away." 


113 

2.  Little  by  little  each  day  it  grew; 
Little  by  little  it  sipped  the  dew ; 
Downward  it  sent  out  a  thread-like  root ; 
Up  in  the  air  sprang  a  tiny  shoot. 

3.  Day  after  day  and  year  after  year, 
Little  by  little  the  leaves  appear ; 

And  the  slender  branches  spread  far  and  wide, 
Till  the  mighty  oak  is  the  forest's  pride. 

What  did  the  acorn  say?  What  marks  show 
what  it  said  ?  Did  it  grow  a  little  each  day  ? 
In  what  ways  did  it  grow  ?  Was  it  discouraged 
because  it  grew  only  a  little  each  day  ?  What  did 
it  finally  become  ? 

What  lesson  do  these  verses  teach  us  ?  Should 
we  expect  to  learn  a  great  deal  at  a  time  ?  Should 
we  learn  every  day  ?  If  we  learn  a  little  each  day, 
what  may  be  expected  of  us  ? 

EXERCISE  n. 

Write  the  lesson  that  may  be  learned  from  these  verses. 

Readings  Suggested.  —  A  Psalm  of  Life. — Longfellow.  The 
Builders.  —  Longfellow.    Arrow  and  Song.  —  Longfellow. 

To  be  memorized. 

Step  after  step  the  ladder  is  ascended. 

lyte's  elem.  eng.  —  8 


114 


LESSON   LXXVI.-Set,  Sit. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully : 

1.  I  now  set  the  vase  on  the  mantel. 

2.  I  set  the  vase  on  the  mantel  yesterday. 

3.  I  have  set  the  vase  on  the  mantel  several  times. 

4.  I  will  set  the  vase  on  the  mantel. 

5.  The  aged  man  sets  his  chair  in  the  shade. 

6.  Set  the  old  armchair  here. 

In  which  sentences  is  present  time  referred  to  ? 
In  which  is  past  time  referred  to?  What  noun 
follows  the  verb  set  in  the  first  sentence  ?  The 
verb  set  in  the  second  sentence  t  The  verb  sets  in 
the  fifth } 


7 
8 

9 
10 
1 1 
12 


I  sit  here. 

I  sat  in  the  old  armchair  yesterday. 

I  have  sat  in  the  old  armchair  often, 

I  will  sit  in  the  old  armchair. 

Sit  still  till  I  return. 

He  often  sits  on  the  doorstep. 


In  which  sentences  is  present  time  referred  to  ? 
In  which  past  time  ?  Does  a  noun  follow  the 
verb  sit  in  the  seventh  sentence.^  The  verb  sits 
in  the  twelfth.?^ 


115 

EXERCISE  II. 

Examine  the  following  sente?tces  carefully  : 

1.  I  set  it  here  now. 

2.  It  sits  here  now. 

3.  I  set  it  here  yesterday. 

4.  It  sat  here  yesterday. 

5.  I  have  set  it  here  often. 

6.  It  has  sat  here  often. 

7.  The  workmen  are'  setting  the  posts. 

8.  The  boys  are  sitting  on  the  ground. 

What  difference  do  you  see  between  the  first  and 
second  sentences  1  The  third  and  fourth .?  The 
fifth  and  sixth  ?     The  seventh  and  eighth  } 

To  be  read. 

When  we  set  a  thing  anywhere,  we  place  or  put 
it  there. 

When  we  sit  anywhere,  we  rest  there. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Use  sit  or  set  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

I.    I it  there. 

2 

3 


I there. 

Do  not the  chair  there. 

Do  not there. 

Please my  watch.     It  is  too  slow. 


ii6 


EXERCISE  IV. 


Use  one  of  the  follozving  verbs  in  place  of  the  dashes : 
set  {or  sets),  has  set,  is  setting,  sit  {or  sits),  sat,  has  sat, 


IS  sitting. 


I.    I     now 


the 


lamp  on  the  table. 

2.  The     lamp     now 
on  the  table. 

3.  We  on  the 

bank  of  the  stream  yes- 
terday. 

4.  She     the 

dishes  on  the  table  this 


/,     morning^. 


6.  The  boys 

traps. 

7.  The  old   cat  — 
the  fire. 

8.    the  clock. 


5.    Harold 
his  trap, 
their 


beside 


9.    Father 
hour  ago. 


the  clock  an 


10.    The  wounded  soldier 
—  in  the  old  armchair. 


II.    He 


12.    The  birds 
trees. 


there  for  hours. 

on  the  branches  of  the 


117 


LESSON   LXXVII.-About  Seeds. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Which  seeds  are  scattered  by  the  winds  ?  Which 
seeds  have  wings  ?  Have  you  ever  seen  seeds  flying 
about  in  the  wind? 


Spanish  needle. 


Milkweed. 


Thistle. 


Elm  seed. 


Are  there  other  ways  in  which  seeds  are  dis- 
tributed }  Which  seeds  stick  to  any  object  that 
comes  near  them }     What  is  the  color  of  seeds  ? 


ii8 

II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  answers  to  these  questions.      What  else  can  yon 
write  about  seeds  f 

Readings  Suggested.  —  The  articles  on  Seeds  in  "  Plants  and  Their 
Children."— J/rj.  W.  S.  Dana. 


LESSON   LXXVIIL- Picture  Lesson:  The  Horse. 


I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 


Describe  the  pictures.  What 
other  useful  things  can  horses 
do? 


carriage  except  one  of  the 
boySy  who  rides  a  pony. 
Write    a    description    of   C- 
the  trip. 


n.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Imagine  that  the  mem- 
bers of  a  family  are 
starting  to  take  a  lo7ig 
trip.      They  are  all  in  a 


119 


III.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Describe  how  some 
persons  treat  horses. 
Tell  J  WW  they  should 
be  treated. 


To  be  memorized. 

A  merciful  man  is  merciful  to  his  beast. 


LESSON   LXXIX.-Lay,  Lie. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully : 

1.  I  now  lay  the  ball  here. 

2.  That  careless  boy  laid  his  books  on  the 
ground  yesterday. 

3.  The  child  has  laid  her  playthings  on  the 
chair. 

In  which  sentence  is  present  time  referred  to? 
In  which  past  time  ?  What  noun  follows  the 
verb  lay  in  the  first  sentence }  The  verb  laid 
in  the  second  ?     The  verb  has  laid  in  the  third  "i 


I20 

4-    The  ball  now  lies  here. 

5.  The  books  lay  there  yesterday. 

6.  The  child's  playthings  have  lain  there  for 
some  time. 

In  which  sentence  is  present  time  referred  to.f* 
In  which  past  time  ?  Does  a  noun  follow  the  verb 
lies  in  the  fourth  sentence  1  Lay  in  the  fifth  t  Have 
lain  in  the  sixth } 

EXERCISE  n. 

Exmnine  the  following  sentences  carefully: 

1.  I  lay  it  here  now. 

2.  It  lies  here  now. 

3.  I  laid  it  there  yesterday. 

4.  It  lay  there  yesterday. 

5.  I  have  laid  it  there  often. 

6.  It  has  lain  here  often. 

7.  The  workmen  are  laying  the  bricks  carefully. 

8.  The  sheep  are  lying  on  the  ground. 

What  difference  do  you  see  between  the  first 
and  second  sentences  ?  The  third  and  fourth  ? 
The  fifth   and  sixth  ?      The  seventh  and  eighth  ? 

To  be  read. 

When  we  lay  a  thing  anywhere,  we  place  or  put 
it  there. 

When  we  lie  anywhere,  we  rest  or  recline  there. 


121 
EXERCISE  m. 

Use  one  of  the  folloivmg  verbs  in  place  of  the  dashes :  lie 
{or  lies),  has  laid,  laid,  is  (or  are)  lying,  was  {or  were)  lying, 
laid,  lay  {or  lays),  has  lain. 

1.  Birds eggs. 

2.  The  hen an  egg  yesterday. 

3.  The    workman his    tools   on    the 

bench. 

4.  Cows  often on  the  ground. 

5.  The  sick  child on  the  bed  for  an  hour. 

6.   your  hatchet  down. 

7.  See  the  yachts.     They side  by  side. 

8.  The  book on  the  table. 

9.  The  Httle  boys on  the'  dead  leaves. 

10.  Hush  my  dear, still  and  slumber. 

11.  The  squirrels by  a  stock  of  nuts  each 

fall. 

12.  The  squirrels by  a  stock  of  nuts  last 

fall. 

13.  He  frequently on  the  lounge. 

14.  They the  wounded  soldier  on  the  grass. 

15.  The  wounded  soldier on  the  grass. 

16.  The  wounded  soldier on  the  field   till 

morning. 

To  be  memorized. 

Sin  has  many  tools,  but  a  lie  is  the  handle  which 
fits  them  all.—  O.  IV.  Holmes, 


122 


LESSON   LXXX.-About  Longfellow. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Read  this  story  carefully: 

In  the  summer  of  1837,  a  young  man  called  upon 
Mrs.   Craigie,  at  her  fine   old   mansion   in    Brattle 

Street,  Cambridge,   not 
SJ^       ^.v_  very  far  from   Harvard 

College.  He  asked  her 
whether  he  could  have 
a  room  in  the  old  house, 
and  the  lady  answered : 
"  I  do  not  lodge  stu- 
dents any  longer."  "  But 
I  am  one  of  the  profes- 
sors in  the  College," 
replied  the  young  man. 
"  I  am  Professor  Longfellow."  When  Mrs.  Craigie 
heard  this,  she  showed  him  several  rooms  in  her 
house,  and  he  at  last  selected  the  one  that  General 
Washington  occupied  when  he  was  in  Cambridge. 
In  this  room  Mr.  Longfellow  made  his  home  for 
many  years. 

How  long  ago  did  this  incident  occur }  Where 
is  Cambridge }  Why  was  Longfellow  mistaken 
for  a  student.'^  Did  you  ever  hear  of  Harvard 
College.'^       When    was    General    Washington    in 


123 

Cambridge?     Why  was  he  there?     Do  you  know 
anything  else  about  Longfellow  ? 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  this  story  in  your  own  words.      Add  what  yon 
have  learned  by  answering  the  questions. 


LESSON   LXXXI.-A  Fable:    Gentleness. 

Read  the  following  story : 

A    FABLE. 

Once  upon  a  time,  there  was  a  dispute  between 
the  Sun  and  the  Wind,  each  one  claiming  to  be 
stronger  than  the  other.  While  they  were  disputing, 
they  saw  a  traveler  on  the  road,  and  they  agreed 
that  the  one  who  could  make  him  take  off  his  cloak 
would  be  the  stronger.  The  Wind  began  to  blow 
harder  and  harder,  but  the  man  drew  his  cloak  more 
closely  around  him  and  pressed  on  his  journey.  The 
Sun  then  shone  out  from  behind  the  clouds,  and  as 
his  warm  beams  fell  on  the  traveler,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  throw  his  cloak  aside,  and  rest  under  the 
shade  of  a  tree. 

Is   this  a  true  story?     Which    one  endeavored 

to  succeed  by  rough,  harsh    means  ?  Which  one 

used    only   gentle    means  ?       Which  succeeded  ? 
What  does  the  fable  teach  us? 


124 

Commit  the  following  stanzas  to  memory: 

Speak  gently  !  it  is  better  far 
To  rule  by  love  than  fear ; 

Speak  gently !  let  no  harsh  word  mar 
The  good  we  might  do  here. 

Speak  gently !  'tis  a  little  thing, 
Dropped  in  the  heart's  deep  w^ll ; 

The  good,  the  joy  that  it  may  bring, 
Eternity  shall  tell. 


LESSON   LXXXII. -About  Flowers. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

This  exercise  is  a  talk  abont  flowers.     Bring  a  flower  to 
class  with  you,  if  any  are  in  bloom. 


Have  you  ever  seen  any  of  the 
flowers  represented  by  these  pic- 
tures ?  Where  do  they  grow  ? 
How  many  wild  flowers  are  you 
familiar  with?  How  many  culti- 
vated flowers } 


Roses. 


125 


Daisies. 


Gladioli. 


Morning  glories. 


n.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  answers  to  these  questions.      What  else   can  you 
write  about  flowers  f 

Readings    Suggested.  —  The    Use    of    Flowers.  —  Mary    Howitt. 
The  Death  of  the  Flowers.  —  Bryant. 


To  be  remembered. 

The  love  of  flowers  is  the  index  of  a  kind  heart. 


126 

LESSON   LXXXIII. -Adverbs  of  Manner. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully  :^ 

1.  The  snow  falls  silently. 

2.  The  boy  ran  fast. 

3.  The  aged  man  walks  slowly. 

What  word  shows  how  the  snow  falls  ?  How 
did  the  boy  run?  What  word  follows  the  verb 
walks  to  show  how  the  man  walks  ? 

To  be  read. 

The  words  silently,  fast,  and  slowly  are  adverbs 
in  these  sentences. 

EXERCISE  n. 
Fill  the  blanks  with  words  that  show  how  the  act  is  done: 

1.  Turtles  walk .     3.  Pigeons  fly . 

2.  Rabbits  run .      4.  Florence  is  singing . 

5.    The  seamstress  has  sewed  the  dress . 

EXERCISE  m. 
Use  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  sentence  to  shozv 
how  an  act  is  done : 

slowiy  gracefully  carefully  wisely 

well  merrily  easily  bravely 

To  be  memorized. 

Whene'er  a  noble  deed  is  wrought, 
Whene'er  is  spoken  a  noble  thought, 
Our  souls,  in  glad  surprise. 
To  higher  levels  rise,  —  Longfellow, 


12/ 


LESSON   LXXXIV.-About  Field  and  Garden  Products. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

How  many  plants  have  you  seen  grozv- 

ing  in  the  fields  ?      In  the  garden  f 

Desc7'ibe     the    uses     of    the 

grains    that    grow     in     the 

field.      What     is    done    zvith    the 

products  of  the  garden? 


Head  of 
wheat. 


Heads  of  oats. 
Grains  of  oats. 


Heads  of  barley. 
Grains  of  barley. 


Potatoes. 


Bean  pods.       Beans. 


Pea  pods.       Peas. 


129 


II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 


Select  07te  of  the  products  of  the  field  or  garden^  and 
write  all  that  yoit  knozv  about  it. 

Reading  Suggested.  —  The  Pumpkin.  —  Whittier. 


LESSON   LXXXV.- About  George  Washington. 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Read  this  brief  sketch  of  George  Washington  as  a  boy  : 

George  Washington  was  large  and  strong  even 
as  a  boy.  A  place  is  still  pointed  out  at  Fredericks- 
burg where  he  threw  a  stone  across  the  Rappahan- 
nock river.  He  was  a  good  horseman,  and  was 
always  ready  and  able  to  mount  and  manage  the 
most  fiery  steed. 

He  was  regarded  by  all  who  knew  him  as  strictly 
upright  and  truthful,  and  was  frequently  selected 
at  school  to  decide  questions  between  his  school- 
mates ;  and  his  decisions  were  never  reversed. 

When  was  George  Washington  born  ?  In 
what    State    is    Fredericksburg?       Where    is    the 

Rappahannock  river?      What   was    Washington's 

native    State  ?  What    kind    of    boy   was    George 

Washington  ?  Did  his  schoolmates  respect  him  ? 
Did  they  look  upon  him  as  a  leader  ?  What  did 
he  become? 

lyte's  ELEM.   ENG.  —  9 


130 

Do  you  know  any  other  stories  of  the  boyhood 
of  George  Washington  ? 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  the  most  interesting  facts  that  you  know  about 
George  Washington. 


LESSON   LXXXVL- Adverbs  of  Time. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully  : 

1.  It  rains  often. 

2.  St.  Nicholas  comes  monthly. 

3.  The  workman  arose  early. 

What  word  tells  when  it  rains?  When  does 
St.  Nicholas  come }  What  word  follows  the  verb 
arose  to  tell  when  the  workman  arose } 

To  be  read. 

The  words  often,  monthly,  and  early  are  adverbs 
in  these  sentences. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Fill  the  blanks  zvith  words  that  tell  when  the  act  is  do7ie 

1.  I  will  come . 

2.  Go . 

3.   tell  the  truth. 

4.  Little  children  should  go  to  bed . 

5.   be  afraid  to  do  right. 


131 

EXERCISE  III. 

Use  each  of  the  following  words  in  a  sentence  to  tell 
zvhen  an  act  is  done : 

quickly       now       always       afterward      seldom 


LESSON   LXXXVIL -About  Animals. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 


What  animals  are 
fed  by  man?  What 
animals  are  useful  to 
man  ?  In  what  way 
is  a  horse  useful  ?  A 
cow? 


„,  '~^^, 


^  '« 


'^\\ 


Is  a  dog  of  any 
use?     A  cat? 

Have  you  ever 
seen  any  wild  ani- 
mals? Where? 
How  do  wild  ani- 
mals live  ? 

Can  some  wild 
animals  be  tamed? 


II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  all  that  you  cafi  remember  about  one  of  the  tame 
animals. 


132 
m.    WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  short  composition  about  a  wild  animal. 


LESSON   LXXXVIII. -Adverbs  of  Place. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  carefully  : 

1.  The  tree  stood  there. 

2.  The  storm  blew  it  down. 

3.  The  water  in  the  geyser  spouts  upward. 

What  word  tells  where  the  tree  stood?  Where 
did  the  storm  blow  it?  What  word  follows  the 
verb  spouts  to  tell  where  the  water  spouts? 

To  be  read. 

The  words  there,  down,  and  upward  are  adverbs 
in  these  sentences. 


133 

EXERCISE  II. 

Fill  the  blanks  with  words  that  tell  where  the  act  is  done 

1.  The  bird  flew . 

2.  Sparks  fly .  V 

3.  Sit while  I  go . 


4.  Gravitation  draws  bodies . 

5.  The  old  willow's  branches  bend 


EXERCISE  III. 

Use  each  of  the  folloiving  words  in  a  sentence  to  tell 
where  an  act  is  done : 

away         here         there         forward         forth 


To  be  memorized. 

A  good  name  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  great 

riches.  —  Proverbs. 

He  is  not  worthy  of  the  honeycomb,  who  fears 
the  hive  because  the  bees  have  '$>\\x\^^.  — Shakespeare. 

Peace  rules  the  day,  where  reason  rules  the  mind. 

—  Collifis. 

Beware  of  little  expenses;  a  small  leak  will  sink 

a  great  ship.  —  Benjamin  Franklin. 

When  angry,  count  ten  before  you  speak;  if  very 
angry,  count  a  hundred. —  Thomas  Jefferson. 


134 


LESSON   LXXXIX.- Picture  Lesson:  An  Accident. 

I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  what  you  see  in  the  picttires. 
Did  you  ever  see  a  horse  run 
away 


135 
LESSON  XC. -About  Lincoln. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Read  this  brief  sketch  carefully: 

When  Abraham  Lincoln  was  about  nineteen 
years  old,  he  made  a  trip  from  his  home  in  Ken- 
tucky to  New  Orleans  in  a  flatboat.  After  his 
return  he  split  the  rails  to  make  a  fence  around  a 
ten-acre  field.  The  next  year  he  built  a  flatboat 
and  took  it  to  New  Orleans. 

Although  young  Lincoln  worked  hard,  he  found 
time  to  study  and  improve  his  mind.  One  of  his 
early  companions  said  of  him :  "  He  would  work  all 
day  as  hard  as  any  of  us,  and  study  by  fire-light  half 
the  night."  Among  the  subjects  that  he  studied 
were  English  grammar  and  surveying.  It  is  said 
that  he  read  seven  books  over  and  over.  These 
books  were  the  Bible,  Shakespeare,  ^sop's  Fables, 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  and  the  Lives  of  Washington, 
Franklin,  and   Henry  Clay. 

Was  Abraham  Lincoln  industrious }  How  did 
he  try  to  improve  his  mind }  What  is  a  flatboat } 
Why  did  flatboats  run  from  Kentucky  to  New 
Orleans }  Where  is  New  Orleans  ?  Have  you 
ever  read  any  of  the  books  mentioned  in  the 
sketch  ? 

Where  and  when  was  Abraham   Lincoln  born.'* 


136 

When  did  he  die  ?     Do  you  know  the  cause  of  his 
death  ?     What  great  work  did  he  do  ? 

II.   WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  the  most  interesting  facts  that  you  know  about 
Abraham  Lincoln. 


LESSON  XCL- Sentences  Combined. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences  : 

FIRST    GROUP. 

Apples  grow  in  the  orchard. 
Pears  grow  in  the  orchard. 

COMBINED. 

Apples  and  pears  grow  in  the  orchard. 

SECOND    GROUP. 

Apples  grow  in  the  orchard. 
Pears  grow  in  the  orchard. 
Plums  grow  in  the  orchard. 

COMBINED. 

Apples,  pears,  and  plums  grow  in  the  orchard. 

THIRD    GROUP. 

I  study  history. 
I  study  geography. 
I  study  arithmetic, 


'  137 

COMBINED. 

I  study  history,  geography,  and  arithmetic. 

What  three  words  in  the  last  sentence  are 
used  in  the  same  way  ?  After  which  two  of  these 
words  is  a  comma  placed  ?  What  other  sen- 
tence has  three  words  in  it  used  in  the  same 
way  ?  What  punctuation  mark  follows  two  of 
these  words } 

EXERCISE  II. 

Combine  each  of  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
one  sentence: 

1.  I  saw  President  McKinley. 
I  saw  General  Miles. 

I  saw  Chief  Joseph. 

2.  Robins  build  their  nests  in  the  bushes. 
Bluebirds  build  their  nests  in  the  bushes. 
Sparrows  build  their  nests  in  the  bushes. 

3.  Oak  trees  grow  in  the  forest. 
Hickory  trees  grow  in  the  forest. 

4.  Charles  Dickens  wrote  "  David  Copperfield." 
Charles  Dickens  wrote  "  Martin  Chuzzlewit." 
Charles  Dickens  wrote  "  Oliver  Twist." 

5.  Denver  is  a  large  city. 
Denver  is  a  flourishing  city. 
Denver  is  an  attractive  city. 


138 

6.  New  York  is  a  large  city. 
Chicago  is  a  large  city. 
Philadelphia  is  a  large  city. 

7.  The  farmer  plows  his  field. 
The  farmer  sows  his  field. 

8.  I  read  "  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy." 
I  read  "  Swiss  Family  Robinson." 

I  read  "  The  Hoosier  Schoolmaster." 
I  read  "  The  Little  Lame  Prince." 

To  be  memorized. 

So  nigh  is  grandeur  to  our  dust, 

So  near  to  God  is  man, 
When  duty  whispers  low,  "  Thou  must',' 

The  youth  replies,  ''  I  can!'  —Emerson, 


LESSON  XCII.-The  Honeybee. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Study  the  pictures  and  the  remarks  carefully. 


Beehives. 


139 


Queen  Bee.  Workers.  Drones. 

One  in  a  hive.  A  great  many  in  a  hive.     A  number  in  each  hive. 

WHAT    THE    BEES    DO 

The  queen  bee  lays  all  the  eggs. 

The  workers  gather  honey,  pollen,  and  wax,  take 
care  of  the  queen  and  the  young  bees,  keep  the  hive 
clean,  and  do  many  other  things.  They  have  sharp 
stings. 

The  drones  do  not  work.     They  have  no  stings. 


Wax  cell,  where  the  honey 
is  stored. 


mssssm 


M6»SffiB| 


Part  of  honeycomb  made  up  of 
wax  cells. 


EXERCISE  n. 


Write  a  composition  about  Honeybees,  telling  all  yon 
have  learned  in  this  lesson,  and  adding  as  many  facts  as 
yon  can  get.  Tell  zvhat  tJie  honey  tastes  like,  what  the  wax 
is  tised  for,  etc.  Learn  all  you  can  about  the  queen  bee, 
about  bees  szvarming,  etc.  Try  to  tise  these  tzvo  stanzas  in 
your  composition : 


I40 

How  doth  the  Httle  busy  bee 
Improve  each  shining  hour, 

And  gather  honey  all  the  day 
From  every  opening  flower ! 

How  skillfully  she  builds  her  cell ! 

How  neat  she  spreads  the  wax ! 
And  labors  hard  to  store  it  well 

With  the  sweet  food  she  makes. 


LESSON  XCIII.- Sentences  Combined. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  following  sentences : 

FIRST    GROUP. 

The  Harz  Mountains  are  in  Germany. 
Canary  birds  are  brought  from  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains. 

COMBINED. 

Canary  birds  are  brought  from  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains, which  are  in  Germany. 

SECOND    GROUP. 

We  went  to  the  Conestoga  river  to  fish. 

We  went  in  May. 

We  went  on  a  beautiful  day. 

We  caught  several  fine  bass. 

We  caught  a  number  of  sunfish. 


141 

COMBINED. 

On  a  beautiful  day  in  May  we  went  to  the  Cones- 
toga  river  to  fish,  and  caught  several  fine  bass  and  a 
number  of  sunfish. 

EXERCISE  II. 

Combine  each  of  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
one  sentence: 

1.  Priam  was  king  of  Troy. 

Hector  was  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam. 

2.  Coal    is   heated    in   ovens    till    it   becomes    a 

porous  mass. 
This  porous  masS'  is  called  coke. 

3.  Albany  is  the  capital  of  New  York. 
Albany  is  situated  on  the  Hudson  river. 

4.  The    elephant    is    one    of    the    largest    and 

strongest  of  animals. 
The  elephant  is  said  to  be  afraid  of  a  mouse. 

5.  General   George   G.    Meade  was  a  native  of 

Pennsylvania. 
General  Meade  commanded  the  Union  forces 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

6.  Paris  is  the  most  beautiful  city  in  the  world. 
Paris  is  the  capital  of  France. 

7.  The  Tiber  river  is  discolored  by  yellow  sand. 
The  Tiber  river  is  sometimes  called  the  yellow 

river. 


142 


8.    Cassiopeia  is  a  constellation. 
It  consists  of  several  stars. 
They  are  grouped  in  the  form  of  a  chair. 


LESSON  XCIV.  — Description  of  a  Place. 

1.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Read  the  following  description : 
EPHRATA. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  places  in  Lancaster 
county  is  the  borough  of  Ephrata,  which  is  situated 
on  a  range  of  hills  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county.  In  many  respects  this  village  is  like  many 
others  in  this  fertile  county.  It  has  comfortable 
homes,  which  are  nearly  all  built  along  a  single 
street.  Churches  and  schools  abound ;  and  there 
are  several  stores  and  shops  of  various  kinds  in  the 
"  business  center "  of  the  place,  near  the  railroad 
station.  A  large  spring  that  flows  out  of  the 
mountain  back  of  the  village  supplies  it  with  pure 
water. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of  Ephrata 
is  the  "cloister,"  a  group  of  buildings  with  high 
gable  roofs,  low  doors,  and  irregular  little  windows. 
These  buildings  were  at  one  time  used  by  a  re- 
ligious sect,  known  as  Seventh  Day  Baptists. 


143 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  description  of  the  place  in  zvhic/i  you  live.  Tell 
where  it  is.  If  a  city,  name  some  of  the  prominent  buildings 
in  it,  etc. 

III.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  description  of  the  largest  building  in  your  neigh- 
borhood. 

IV.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  description  of  the  place  in  which  you  would 
like  to  live. 


LESSON  XCV.— Words  Pronounced  Alike  but 
Used  Differently. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Use  to,  too,  or  two  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 
I.    There  are pints  in  a  quart. 

Come me. 

I  am tired  to  help  you. 

A  fortnight  consists  of weeks. 

Columbus  came the  new  world. 

The  children  are  young  go 

—  school. 

EXERCISE  n. 

Use  their  or  there  in  place  of  the  dashes: 
I.    I  saw  them . 


2.    The  boys  lost ball. 


144 

3-    They  left books . 

4.   are  three  feet  in  a  yard. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Use  hear  or  here  m place  of  the  dashes: 

1.  Come . 

2.  Did  you me  ? 

3.   they  stood  for  hours. 

4.  They  cannot what  you  say. 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Use  write  or  right  m place  of  the  dashes: 

1.  Try  to  do . 

2.  Try  to plainly. 

3.   me  a  letter. 

4.  It  is  never to  do  wrong. 

EXERCISE  V. 

Use  cent,  sent,  or  scent  in  place  of  the  dashes  : 

1.  Do  you  love  the of  roses  ? 

2.  She me  a  pencil  that  cost  a . 

3.  What  part  of  a  dime  is  a .? 

To  be  memorized. 

Be  just  and  fear  not ; 

Let  all  the  ends  thou  aim'st  at  be  thy  country's, 

Thy  God's,  and  truth's. 

— Shakespea  re. 


145 


LESSON  XCVL- Picture  Lesson:  Water. 


LYTE'S   ELEM.   ENG. —  lO 


146 


...^^m^^ 


I.  ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Describe  the  pictures.  What  names  are  given  to  different 
streams  of  water  f  To  different  bodies  of  water?  Can  ive 
do  without  water  ? 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Imagine  a  drop  of  water  starting  from  the  ocean  and 
finally  finding  its  way  back  to  the  ocean  again.  Write  the 
story  it  might  tell. 

Readings  Suggested.  —  A  Rill  from  the  Town  Pump. — Hawthorne. 
Interesting  facts  about  water.  —  Physical  Geography. 


LESSON  XCVII. -About  William  Penn. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 

Read  the  following  sketch : 

On  September  i,  1682,  William  Penn  sailed  from 
England  for  this  country  in  the  ship  Welcome.  He 
had  with  him  about  a  hundred  passengers,  nearly 


147 

all  of  whom  were  Friends.  The  voyage  lasted  six 
weeks,  and  thirty  of  the  passengers  died  of  small- 
pox before  it  ended.  On  October  27  a  landing  was 
made  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  river. 

William  Penn  came  to  this  country  to  aid  in  the 
settlement  of  the  lands  which  he  had  obtained  from 
the  king  of  England.  Although  he  had  received 
from  the  king  about  40,000  square  miles  of  land,  he 
bought  these  lands  from  the  Indians,  who  were  the 
first  occupants. 

In  all  William  Penn's  dealings  with  the  Indians, 
he  treated  them  fairly.  When  he  was  among  them, 
he  ate  with  them ;  and  sometimes  he  would  wrestle 
with  the  young  athletic  Indians,  and  try  to  beat 
them  in  running  and  jumping  matches.  No  other 
man  from  England  was  liked  so  well  by  the  Indians 
as  William  Penn. 

What  was  William  Penn's  native  country  ?  Who 
was  king  of  England  at  that  time  ?  Why  did 
the  king  grant  William  Penn  a  tract  of  land  in 
America?     What  is  the  tract  called.^ 

What  do  you  think  of  the  way  in  which  William 
Penn  treated  the  Indians? 

II.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  composition  about  William  Penn.  Find  out  all 
you  can  concerning  him. 


148 


LESSON  XCVIII. -Words  Sometimes  Misused. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Copy  the  following  se7tteiices,  using  good  ^r  well  in  place 
of  the  dashes  : 

1.  Do  your  work  well. 

2.  Good  boys  study  well. 

3.  The  apples  are  good. 

4.  The  little  girl  sings . 

5.  Doit . 

6.  Concord  grapes  are . 

7.  Did  you  play ? 

8.  Is  he  sick  .f^     No,  he  is . 

EXERCISE  II. 

Copy  the  following  sentences^  rising  swift  or  swiftly  in 
place  of  the  dashes: 

1.  Light  rays  travel  swiftly. 

2.  The  war  vessel  Columbia  is  swift. 

3.  He  owns  a yacht. 

4.  The  horse  trots . 

5.  How a  greyhound  runs  ! 

EXERCISE  III. 

Copy  the  following  sentences,   using  learn  or  terach   in 
place  of  the  dashes : 

1.  I  will  teach  you. 

2.  He  must  learn  his  lesson. 

3.  Our  teacher us  botany. 


4-    We  should 

5.    I  will you. 


149 

every  lesson  well. 


6.    Can  you 


me  how  to  subtract  a  fraction 


from  a  whole  number  .f* 


EXERCISE  IV. 

Copy  the  following  sentences,  using  let  or  leave  in  place 
of  the  dashes  ; 

Shall  we  leave  him  here } 

Let  him  go. 

Let  us  leave  the  city. 

Let  him  alone. 

Leave  him  alone. 


7 
8, 

9 
10 
1 1 


It  go. 


the  books  there. 

her  study  her  lessons. 

I  will the  task  till  to-morrow. 


Will 


ou 


the  children 


you 


Who  said,  " 


us  have  peace  "  1 


LESSON  XCIX.-The  Apple  Orchard. 

EXERCISE  I. 

Read  the  follozving  story  : 

Is  there  a  nicer  place  to  play  in  than  an  old 
apple  orchard }  Once  under  those  favorite  trees 
whose  branches  sweep  the  ground,  you  are  quite 


ISO 

shut  off  from  the  great,  troublesome,  outside  world. 
And  how  happy  and  safe  you  feel  in  that  green 
world  of  your  own,  a  world  just  made  for  children, 
a  world  of  grass  and  leaves  and  birds  and  flowers, 
where  lessons  and  grown  up  people  have  no  part. 


In  the  lightly  swinging  branches  of  the  trees  you 
find  prancing  horses,  and  on  many  a  mad  ride  they 
carry  you.  The  larger  branches  are  steep  paths 
leading  up  mountain  sides.  Great  chasms  yawn 
beneath  you.  Here,  only  the  daring  and  cool- 
headed  may  hope  to  be  successful  and  reach  the 
highest  points  without  danger  to  their  bones. 

Out  here  the  girls  bring  their  dolls,  and  play 
house.  Nothing  can  make  a  more  interesting  or 
a  more  surprising  house  than  an  apple  tree,  for  its 


151 

rooms  are  so  many  and  of  such  curious  shapes. 
Then,  too,  the  seats  in  these  rooms  are  far  more 
comfortable  than  the  chairs  used  by  ordinary  people 
in  everyday  houses.  The  doings  of  the  Robin 
family  can  be  seen  from  its  windows.  One  is  amazed 
to  see  how  many  fat  worms  Mother  Robin  manages 
to  pop  down  the  yawning  baby  throats,  and  wonders 
how  baby  robins  ever  live  to  grow  up. 

—  Mrs.  IV.  S.  Dana. 

How  many  paragraphs  are  in  this  description 
of  an  apple  orchard }  How  many  of  you  have 
been  in  an  apple  orchard?  Is  it  a  good  place  to 
play  in }  What  is  meant  by  being  shut  off  from 
the  outside  world }  Why  is  this  world  called  a 
troublesome  world } 

Did  you  ever  swing  on  the  branch  of  an  apple 
tree.f^  Did  you  ever  climb  to  the  top  of  an  apple 
tree  t 

What  games  can  you  play  in  an  apple  tree }  Did 
you  ever  see  an  old  robin  feed  her  little  ones } 
Have  the  little  robins  big  mouths } 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  apple  orchard  you 
have  seen  oftenest.  Are  the  trees  large }  Do  you 
know  the  names  of  any  kinds  of  apples  that  they 
bear.^  Which  kind  do  you  like  best?  Have  you 
any  apple  trees  at  home  ? 


152 


n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 


Write   a   composition  about  Apple  Trees.      If  yoti  have 
been  in  an  apple  orchard^  tell  all  you  know  about  it. 


III.   MEMORY  EXERCISE. 

THE    PLANTING    OF   THE    APPLE    TREE. 

Commit  the  follozving  stanzas  to  memory  : 

Come,  let  us  plant  the  apple  tree. 
Cleave  the  tough  greensward  with  the  spade ; 

Wide   let  its    hollow  bed 

be  made ; 
There  gently  lay  the  roots, 

and  there 
Sift    the    dark  mold  with 
kindly  care. 
And  press  it  o'er  them 
tenderly. 
As,    round    the    sleeping 
infant's  feet, 
We  softly  fold  the  cradle  sheet ; 
So  plant  we  the  apple  tree. 


z;^ 


What  plant  we  in  this  apple  tree? 
Buds,  which  the  breath  of  summer  days 
Shall  lengthen  into  leafy  sprays ; 
Boughs  where  the  thrush,  with  crimson  breast, 


153 


Shall  haunt    and    sing   and 
hide  her  nest; 
We  plant,  upon  the  sunny 
lea, 
A  shadow  for  the  noontide 

hour, 

A  shelter  from  the  summer  shower, 
When  we  plant  the  apple  tree. 


What  plant  we  in  this  apple  tree? 
Sweets  for  a  hundred  flowery  springs 

To  load  the  May-wind's  rest- 
less wings, 
When,    from    the    orchard- 
row,  he   pours 
Its   fragrance    through    our 
open  doors; 
A  world  of  blossoms  for 
the  bee. 

Flowers  for  the  sick  girl's  silent  room, 
For  the  glad  infant  sprigs  of  bloom, 
We  plant  with  the  apple  tree. 


What  plant  we  in  this  apple  tree  ? 
Fruits  that  shall  swell  in  sunny  June, 
And  redden  in  the  August  noon, 
And  drop,  when  gentle  airs  come  by. 


154 


That  fan   the   blue    Sep- 
tember sky, 
While    children    come, 
with  cries  of  glee, 

And  seek  them  where  the 
fragrant  grass 

Betrays  their  bed  to  those 
who  pass, 
At  the  foot  of  the  ap- 
ple tree. 

—  William  Cullen  Bryant  (i  794-1878). 

In  the  first  stanza,  what  is  meant  by  the  tough 
greensward  ?  By  hollow  bed  ?  Did  you  ever  see 
any  one  plant  a  tree  ?  Some  one  has  said  that 
a  man  who  plants  a  tree  is  a  true  lover  of  his 
race.     Why  ? 

"    What  does  the  poet  tell  us  are  planted  in  this 
apple  tree  ? 

Who  wrote  these  beautiful  stanzas?  Do  you 
think  he  was  a  close  observer  of  nature?  Do 
you  think  he  was  a  lover  of  nature?  Can  you 
think  of  any  other  poems  he  has  written  ?  "  The 
Planting  of  the  Apple  Tree  "  has  five  stanzas  in 
addition  to  the  four  given  in  this  lesson.  You 
should  read  the  whole  of  this  exquisite  poem. 

Do  you  know  what  is  meant  by  "  Arbor  Day  "? 


i 


155 


LESSON   C  — Our  Country's  Flag. 

I.   ORAL  EXERCISE. 


What  is  the  usual 
shape  of  our  flag? 
What  colors  are  in 
it?  Which  part  is 
called  the  field? 
What  does  it  con- 
tain ?  How  many 
stars  are  there? 
Why  ?  How  many 
stripes  ?  Why  ?  Of 
what  use  is  a  flag? 


n.  WRITTEN  EXERCISE. 

Write  a  description  of  our  flag.      Tell  why  we  should 
respect  it.      Tell  hozv  zve  may  respect  and  hoftor  it. 

EXERCISE  III. 

Commit  the  foil oiving  selections  to  memory : 
When  Freedom,  from  her  mountain  height, 

Unfurled  her  standard  to  the  air, 
She  tore  the  azure  robe  of  night. 

And  set  the  stars  of  glory  there! 

She  mingled  with  its  gorgeous  dyes 
The  milky  baldric  of  the  skies, 


156 

And  striped  its  pure,  celestial  white, 
With  streakings  of  the  morning  light. 


—  Drake. 


Breathes  there  the  man  with  soul  so  dead. 
Who  never  to  himself  hath  said, 
"This  is  my  own,  my  native  land"? 

—  Sii-  Walter  Scott, 

Thou,  too,  sail  on,  O  Ship  of  State ! 
Sail  on,  O  Union,  strong  and  great! 
Humanity  with  all  its  fears. 
With  all  the  hopes  of  future  years. 
Is  hanging  breathless  on  thy  fate ! 

—  Longfellow. 

O  God,  to  Thee  w^e  sing. 

Our  land  is  free  ! 
From  Thee  all  bounties  spring. 

Our  land  is  free  ! 
From  Thine  almighty  throne, 
Watch  keep  above  Thine  own, 
Thou,  Thou,  art  King  alone, 

Our  land  is  free! 


Readings  Suggested.  —  The  Star  Spangled  Banner.  —  Francis  Scott 
Key.     America.  —  S.  F.  Smith. 


157 

LESSONS    OF    THE    MONTHS. 

See  Note  7,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  p.  4. 

During  each  month  of  the  year  the  leading  char- 
acteristics of  the  month  should  be  studied.  The 
following  topics  are  merely  suggestive  of  the  wide 
range  which  the  lessons  of  the  months  may  take. 
The  teacher  will  of  course  grade  the  lessons  to  suit 
the  capacity  of  the  children. 

Watch  the  weather  during  each  month.  Tem- 
perature.    Rainfall.     Length  of  days  and  nights.. 

Observe  the  trees.  When  do  they  put  forth  their 
leaves  ?  W^hen  do  they  blossom  }  When  do  they 
bear  fruit  ?  When  does  the  fruit  ripen  ?  When 
do  the  leaves  fall  ?  Study  the  fruits  of  the  different 
trees. 

Study  the  wild  flowers  as  they  come  and  go. 

When  are  seeds  planted  ?  Watch  their  growth. 
How  do  farmers  prepare  their  fields  for  planting  .^^ 
What  do  they  plant  ?  When  do  field  products 
ripen  ?  Study  the  different  grains.  Describe  the 
work  of  the  farmer  during  the  different  months. 

Learn  the  names  and  some  of  the  habits  of  the 
birds.     Animals.     Some  insects. 

Outdoor  work  of  each  month.     Indoor  work. 

How  do  boys  enjoy  themselves  each  month  ? 
How  do  girls  enjoy  themselves  ? 

Read  appropriate  selections  to  the  class. 


158 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


159 


January. 


February. 


April. 


i6o 


May. 


June. 


July- 


August. 


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